Underwater Vehicle Technologies for Deep-Sea Exploration and ‎Research

  • Authors

    • Ragini Kushwaha Assistant Professor, Department of CS & IT, Kalinga University, Raipur, India
    • Anjali Krushna Kadao Assistant Professor, Department of CS & IT, Kalinga University, Raipur, India
    • Dr. Rashmi Chauhan Assistant Professor, New Delhi Institute of Management, New Delhi, India
    https://doi.org/10.14419/3fsz1540

    Received date: May 2, 2025

    Accepted date: May 29, 2025

    Published date: October 31, 2025

  • Underwater Vehicle Technology; Deep-Sea Exploration; Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs); Human-Occupied Vehicles (HOVs); Marine ‎Sensors and Energy Systems; Seafloor Mapping and Underwater Research

  • Abstract

    A review of the latest underwater vehicles used for deep-sea research operations. Scientists face three major challenges in the deep ocean: ‎high pressure and cold temperature, and darkness. Several underwater vehicles have evolved as a response to these challenges. Underwater ‎vehicles operate autonomously and are the primary tools in mapping the seafloor while monitoring the environment. For offshore structural ‎repair and underwater inspections, Surface operations are done through Remotely Operated Vehicles, ROVs. Human-occupied vehicles ‎HOVs allow direct scientific observation and better research results, especially in marine biology and underwater archaeology. This paper ‎discusses the design of the vehicles and functional analysis of their applications to geological processes of the marine environment and ‎activities for underwater resource exploitation. The higher performance and operational safety of the vehicles is achieved through these ‎innovations in sensors, materials science, energy systems, and communication protocols. The technology of the underwater vehicles is able ‎to overcome the limitations of the unexplored deep water environments; it is also the direction of future explorations‎.

  • References

    1. Panja, A., Bhattacharjee, P., Bhattacharjee, S., Kumar, D., Makarana, G., Kushwaha, M., ... & Rajput, V. D. (2025). The Nexus between Environ-mental Damage, Poverty, and Climate Change in Hard-to-Reach Areas: A Somber Tale of the 21st Century. In Environmental Nexus for Resource Management (pp. 188-222). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003358169-10.
    2. Karthik, R., Miruthula, A., &Nitheeswari, N. (2019). Web-based online machine controlling and monitoring using PLC via Modbus communication. International Journal of Communication and Computer Technologies, 7(2), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijccts/07.02.06.
    3. Surya, S., Elakya, R., Ramamurthy, S., Janani, K., & Lizy, A. (2025). The Future of Deep Sea Technologies: Opportunities and Challeng-es. Technological Advancements for Deep Sea Ecosystem Conservation and Exploration, 267-278. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6670-7.ch012.
    4. Sungur, Ş., & Atan, M. M. (2020). Effect of active packaging films containing natural antioxidant essential oils on the oxidative stability of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Natural and Engineering Sciences, 5(3), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.28978/nesciences.832984.
    5. Kabir, M. M., Jim, J. R., & Istenes, Z. (2025). Terrain detection and segmentation for autonomous vehicle navigation: A state-of-the-art systematic re-view. Information Fusion, 113, 102644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102644.
    6. Gladkova, O.V., & Gladkov, E.A. (2021). Deicing Reagents in Urban Ecosystems, Using the Example of Moscow. Archives for Technical Scienc-es, 2(25), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.7251/afts.2021.1324.071G.
    7. Shrirao, N. M., & Madugalla, K. A. (2025). Internet of Energy for electric vehicle integration: Smart charging architectures, distributed generation synergies, and energy efficiency enhancements. National Journal of Intelligent Power Systems and Technology, 1(3), 9–16.
    8. Snousi, H. M., & Charabib, Y. (2025). Performance optimization of floating solar PV systems under variable climatic conditions. National Journal of Renewable Energy Systems and Innovation, 1(3), 25–32.
    9. Ahmad, M., & Perera, M. (2025). Wide-bandgap power electronics for renewable energy integration: Enhancing efficiency, reliability, and grid com-patibility. Transactions on Power Electronics and Renewable Energy Systems, 1(2), 10–16.
    10. Beyes, J. O., & Chakma, S. (2025). Techno-economic analysis of flow batteries for renewable energy integration. Transactions on Energy Storage Systems and Innovation, 1(2), 1–9.
    11. Uvarajan, K. P., & Btia, J. (2025). Hybrid AC–DC power conversion architectures for seamless renewable energy integration in modern grids. Na-tional Journal of Electrical Machines & Power Conversion, 1(4), 24–30.
    12. Vincentelli, B., & Schaumont, K. R. (2025). A review of security protocols for embedded systems in critical infrastructure. SCCTS Journal of Embed-ded Systems Design and Applications, 2(1), 1–11.
    13. Salabi, L., & Krishnamoorthy, J. (2025). Vision-guided collaborative robotics with adaptive control for intelligent automation systems: A case study. National Journal of Electrical Electronics and Automation Technologies, 1(3), 53–59.
    14. Bahrain, U. N. A., & Kamarudin, K. R. (2025). Using remote controlled vehicles (ROV) as a tool for sea cucumber conservation: A review. Maritime Technology and Research, 7(3), Manuscript-Manuscript. https://doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2025.274346.
    15. Subhashini, S., & Revathi, S. (2023). New Fusion Feature Selection Model (FFSM) based Feature Extraction System for Hand Gesture Recognition. Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications, 14(4), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.58346/JOWUA.2023.I4.011.
    16. Ni, T., Sima, C., Zhang, W., Wang, J., Guo, J., & Zhang, L. (2025). Vision-Based Underwater Docking Guidance and Positioning: Enhancing Detec-tion with YOLO-D. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 13(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13010102.
    17. Indumathi, K., & Sophia, R. (2019). Innovative Best Practices of Academic Libraries for Visually Challenged Users. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 9(S1), 57–59. https://doi.org/10.51983/ijiss.2019.9.S1.563.
    18. Gowri, V., Thenmozhi, S., Raha, S., Selvakumar, P., &Khokale, S. K. (2025). Climate Change and the Deep Sea. In Technological Advancements for Deep Sea Ecosystem Conservation and Exploration (pp. 73-98). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6670-7.ch004.
    19. Ali, A., Rani, M. S., Pandiyan, S., & Shaheen, H. (2025). Exploring the Depths-Comprehensive Insights Into Deep Sea Mining and Its Implications for Ecosystems, Technologies, and Sustainability. In Technological Advancements for Deep Sea Ecosystem Conservation and Exploration (pp. 149-174). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6670-7.ch007.
    20. Vignesh, U., Parvathi, R., Kumar, P. S., & Al-Obaidi, A. S. M. (2025). A Comparative Study on Technologies Deployed for Marine Ecosystem Moni-toring and Restoration. Technological Advancements for Deep Sea Ecosystem Conservation and Exploration, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-6670-7.ch001.
    21. Chu, S., Lin, M., Li, D., Lin, R., & Xiao, S. (2025). Adaptive reward shaping based reinforcement learning for docking control of autonomous un-derwater vehicles. Ocean Engineering, 318, 120139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.120139.
    22. Lou, Q., Lou, Y., Han, B., Wang, Z., Li, B., Zhu, Y., & Kang, Y. (2025). Experimental demonstration of visually locating the terminal for an underwa-ter wireless optical communication system based on the spatial distribution characteristics of guiding lights. Applied Optics, 64(3), 694-702. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.539424.
    23. Abdullah, D. (2025). Nonlinear dynamic modeling and vibration analysis of smart composite structures using multiscale techniques. Journal of Ap-plied Mathematical Models in Engineering, 1(1), 9–16.
    24. Ferreira, M., Pereira, J., & Costa, A. (2024). The Hidden Link between Quality Management and Digital Success: A Fortune 500 Case Study. National Journal of Quality, Innovation, and Business Excellence, 1(2), 40-50.
    25. Smith, J., Harris, J., & Martin, C. (2024). Why UN's SDG Goals Are Missing their Targets. Journal of Tourism, Culture, and Management Stud-ies, 1(2), 38-49.
    26. Mat RUSOK, N. H., SAMY, N. K., & BHAUMIK, A. (2025). Innovative Behaviour in The Workplace: The Role of Learning Organisation Culture and Expectations on Attitude Toward Change. Quality-Access to Success, 26(206). https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/26.206.28.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Kushwaha, R. ., Kadao , A. K. ., & Chauhan , D. R. . (2025). Underwater Vehicle Technologies for Deep-Sea Exploration and ‎Research. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14(SI-1), 428-432. https://doi.org/10.14419/3fsz1540