An Experimental Evaluation of Tribological &Morphological ‎Excellence for LTB Alloys

  • Authors

    • Ram Dhani Chauhan Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Integral ‎University, Lucknow, India
    • Dr. Prem Kumar Bharti Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Integral ‎University, Lucknow, India
    https://doi.org/10.14419/v6rpks59

    Received date: November 15, 2025

    Accepted date: November 21, 2025

    Published date: December 2, 2025

  • LTB (Leaded Tin Bronze); Morphological Study; Hardness; Grain ‎Boundary; α Phase; ẞ Phase & δ Phase; COF (Coefficient of Friction); ‎Wear Re-sistance

  • Abstract

    LTB(leaded tin bronze) alloys are popular for bush bearing, impeller, and sand guard ‎of submersible, HSC(half split casing), and end suction centrifugal pump sets. ‎Morphological study by OEM(optical emission microscope) of sand-cast different ‎composition mixed LTB alloys shows that the percentage of Sn element in the ‎composition is a deciding factor for the appearance of α, ẞ &δ phases in the copper ‎matrix. α-phase formation will occur up to wt.8%of Sn, α phase formation with ‎nucleation of ẞ phase occurs between 8-9% of Sn, ẞ phase occurs for 9-12% of Sn, ‎ẞ phase with nucleation of δ phase occurs after 12% of Sn, and significant δ phase is visible at ‎‎14.5% of Sn. The hardness of LTB alloys increases with the addition of Sn%, ‎provided that the increment of Pb% works as a softening agent between 3.5-14.5% ‎of Sn. The developed hardness model for BHN (Brinell Hardness Number) of LTB ‎alloys has performed well, with an average error of ±9.5%. The highest wear ‎resistance was found as 3.89x10‾3 gm/m and COF of 0.505 at 1500 rpm and 50 KN ‎normal load for LTB6 alloy‎.

  • References

    1. Zaghloul MMY, Steel Karen, Heitzmann, T Michael: Wear behaviour of polymeric materials reinforced with man-made fibres: a comprehensive re-view about fibre volume fraction influence on wear performance. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites; 41 (5-6), (2021). https://doi.org/10.1177/07316844211051733.
    2. Zaghloul MMY, Steel K, Veidt M, Heitzmann MT: Mechanical and tribological performances of thermoplastic polymers reinforced with glass fibres at variable fibre volume fractions. Polymers;15, 694, (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030694.
    3. Zaghloul, M.M.Y.: Effect of Nano Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Thermosetting Polymeric Materials Reinforced with Glass Fibers, MSc Thesis. Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, (2018).
    4. Zaghloul MMY, Steel K, Veidt M, Heitzmann MT: Influence of counter-face grit size and lubricant on the abrasive wear behaviour of thermoplastic polymers reinforced with glass fibres. Tribol Lett;71, 102, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-023-01774-9.
    5. Zaghloul Yousry Mahmoud Moustafa, Steel. Karen, Veidt, Martin: Heitzmann, Michael T. H: Assessment of the tribological performance of glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6 under harsh abrasive environments, Tribology International, 191, pp. 1- 20, (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2023.109059.
    6. Cartledge HCY, Baillie CA: Effects of crystallinity, transcrystallinity and crystal phases of GF/PA on friction and wear mechanisms. Journal of Materi-als Sci; 37: 3005– 22, (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016081317081.
    7. Deyong, L., Tremblay, R., and Angers, R.: Microstructural and mechanical properties of rapidly solidified Cu-Ni-Sn alloys. Materials Science and Engineering A, 124(2), 223-231, (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(90)90152-S.
    8. Rahul Gupta, Sanjay Srivastava, Preetham Kumar GV, and Sanjay K Penthi: Investigation of mechanical properties, microstructure, and wear rate of high leaded Tin bronze after multidirectional forging; Procedia Material Science 5, 10811089, (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.401.
    9. Xiang, J.SadaH; Xang, X, MiuraH, Sakai T: Ultrafine grain development in an A231 magnesium alloy during multidirectional forging under decreas-ing temperature condition; Mate Cai, C; Evaluation of the friction and wear properties of PEI composites filled with glass and carbon fibre; Advanced material research, vol 299300, pp 21-24, (2011). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.299-300.21.
    10. Prasad, B.K: Sliding wear behaviour of bronzes under varying material composition, microstructure and test condition, wear 257, 110-123, (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2003.10.021.
    11. Pathak, J.P; Tewari, SN: Mechanical and wear properties of copper-lead bearing alloys; wear 155,37-47, (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(92)90107-J.
    12. Gao, L.L; Cheng, X.H: Effect of ECAE on microstructure and tribological properties of CU-10Al-4Fe alloy, tribology letter 27, 221-225. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-007-9228-7.
    13. Moustafa. S; EI-Badry. S, Sanod.A and Kieack. B: Friction and wear of copper graphite composite made with Cu coated and uncoated graphite pow-der; Wear, vol.253, pp 699-710, (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1648(02)00038-8.
    14. Rajkumar. K and Arvindan. S: Tribology behaviour of microwave processed copper nano graphite composite; Wear; vol. 265, pp 417-421 (2008).
    15. S. ILANGOVAN, R.: Effect of Tin hardness, wear rate and coefficient of friction of cast Cu-Ni-Sn alloys, Journal of Engineering Science and Tech-nology Vol-8 no1, 34-35, (2003).
    16. Zhang, S-Z, Jiang B.H and Ding, W: Wear of Cu-15Ni-8 Sn spinodal alloy, wear,264(3-4),199-203, (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.03.003.
    17. Singh, J.B, Cai, Wand Bellon P.: Dry sliding of Cu-15Ni-8Sn bronze wear behaviour and microstructure, wear 263(1-6),830-841, (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2007.01.061.
    18. Seah,K.H, Hemanth,J, Sharma, S.C: The Effect of Solidification Rate on Morphology Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 80%Cu-20%Sn Bronze Alloys Journal of Material Science 33: 23-28, (1998).
    19. Hemanth Joel: Effects of cooling rate on dendrite arm spacing and hardness of aluminium–silicon alloy, Journal of Materials and Design 21: 1-8 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3069(99)00052-7.
    20. Sugita.Gede.I Ketut; Soekrisno.R;Maisa.I.Made and Suitno: The Effect of Solidification Rate on Marphology Microstructure and Mechanical proper-ties of 80% Cu-20% Sn Bronze alloys; Material Science Research of India, Vol 7(1), 59-66 (2010). https://doi.org/10.13005/msri/070106.
    21. Brush Wellman: Strengthening Mechanisms. Technical Tidbits, 3, 1-2, (2001).
    22. H. Liu, F. Xue, J. Bai, Y. Sun: Effect of heat treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an extruded Mg95.5Y3Zn1.5 alloy Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 585, pp. 261-267, (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.07.025.
    23. H.W. Richardson, Handbook of Copper Compounds and Applications, 14, no. 3. (2000).
    24. K.Manu, J. Jezierski, M.R.S. Ganesh, K.V. Shankar, S.A. Narayanan: Titanium in cast cu-sn alloys—a review Materials, 14 (16) (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164587.
    25. Chauhan RD; Bharti.PK: A review of Tribological excellence of Bronze Alloys; Discover of Applied Science; Volume 7, 238, (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-06610-4.
    26. Wang Xiaoming , TangBoen , WangLinlin , WangDongyun 1 DongWeiping, GLi Xipig : Microstructure, Microhardness and Tribological Properties of Bronze–Steel Bimetallic Composite Produced by Vacuum Diffusion Welding; Materials , 15(4), 1588,(2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041588.
    27. A. Sirinaidu. D, D. RamaJogi: Experimental evaluation in the properties of various Tin Bronze, IJLTEMAS, Volume iv, Issue vi, June (2015).

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Chauhan, R. D. ., & Bharti, D. P. K. . (2025). An Experimental Evaluation of Tribological &Morphological ‎Excellence for LTB Alloys. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14(7), 637-649. https://doi.org/10.14419/v6rpks59