Pediatric Status Epilepticus: A Systematic Review of Clinical ‎Pattern, Challenges, and Outcomes

  • Authors

    • Dr. Anwita Ramdas Shinde MBBS, M. D Paediatrics (Resident)‎ Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
    • Dr. Shradha Salunkhe MBBS, DNB, PhD Paediatrics ‎Professor Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College Hospital and Research centre, Pune, Maharashtra, ‎India
    • Dr. Shailaja Mane MD Paediatrics, Professor and Head of Department, Department of Paediatrics, Dr. D. Y. Patil ‎ Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
    https://doi.org/10.14419/nep9b877

    Received date: September 3, 2025

    Accepted date: November 15, 2025

    Published date: November 28, 2025

  • Pediatric Status Epilepticus; Refractory SE; NORSE; Acute Symptomatic; Levetiracetam; ‎Phenytoin; Systematic Review; Outcomes

  • Abstract

    Background:‎ Pediatric status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with substantial risk of death and ‎long-term disability. Clinical patterns and outcomes vary widely across regions, particularly ‎where delayed treatment and limited EEG or ICU access persist, necessitating a consolidated ‎appraisal to inform standardized care.‎

    Methods: ‎A PRISMA-guided systematic review of pediatric SE (ages 1 month–18 years) was conducted. ‎Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria for quantitative synthesis (n = 2,910). Data were extracted for ‎demographics, seizure types, etiologies, treatment, complications, and outcomes. For pooled ‎outcomes (mortality, refractoriness, sequelae), random-effects models with Freeman–Tukey ‎transformation were applied, reporting 95 % CIs and heterogeneity (I², τ²). Subgroup analyses ‎compared India vs non-India studies, acute symptomatic vs other etiologies, and refractory vs ‎non-refractory cases.‎

    Results: ‎Males comprised 56.7 %; generalized convulsive SE predominated (72.1 %). Acute ‎symptomatic causes (CNS infections, metabolic, hypoxic–ischemic injury) represented 54.3 %, ‎febrile SE 24.3 %. Refractory SE occurred in 26.1 %, super-refractory 3.3 %. Benzodiazepines ‎were the main first-line drugs; escalation commonly involved phenytoin/fosphenytoin, ‎levetiracetam, or valproate, with anesthetic infusions for RSE/SRSE. Pooled mortality ‎approximated 14–15 %, showing high inter-study heterogeneity due to differences in ‎prehospital delay, etiology mix, and ICU availability. Neurological sequelae affected 22–23 % ‎of survivors.‎

    Conclusions: ‎Pediatric SE remains a high-stakes emergency. Early benzodiazepine use, rapid escalation, and ‎standardized stepwise protocols are essential. Marked heterogeneity in mortality highlights the ‎need for prehospital training, faster treatment times, and expanded EEG/ICU capacity. ‎Prospective cohorts with uniform outcome metrics and exploration of immunotherapy in ‎NORSE are urgently needed‎.

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  • How to Cite

    Shinde , D. A. R. ., Salunkhe , D. S. ., & Mane , D. S. . (2025). Pediatric Status Epilepticus: A Systematic Review of Clinical ‎Pattern, Challenges, and Outcomes. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14(7), 548-555. https://doi.org/10.14419/nep9b877