Exploring Blockchain Technology: An Introductory ‎Perspective on Its Role in Healthcare

  • Authors

    • Putta Durga School of Computer Science and Engineering, VIT-AP University, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh 522237, India
    • Ganta Srilakshmi Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, SRK Institute of Technology, Enikepadu-521108, ‎ Vijayawada, AP, India
    • Regandla Triveni Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, DVR & Dr. HS MIC College of Technology, Kanchikacherla -521180, AP, India
    • Venkata Padmavathi Nadakuditi Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering, Mylavaram-521230, AP, India
    • Geetham Jyostna Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology, Pothavarappadu, Agiripalli, Andhra Pradesh, 521212, India
    https://doi.org/10.14419/6xkkem36

    Received date: June 20, 2025

    Accepted date: July 29, 2025

    Published date: August 28, 2025

  • Blockchain; Healthcare; Challenges; Applications; Systematic Review

  • Abstract

    Emerging technologies such as Blockchain (BC) are increasingly being leveraged across various industries, including healthcare, to introduce innovative solutions. In the healthcare sector, blockchain facilitates the secure storage and sharing of patient data among multiple stakeholders, such as hospitals, diagnostic centers, pharmaceutical companies, and medical professionals. Blockchain-based applications in medicine can accurately detect critical errors, including potentially hazardous ones, thereby enhancing the safety, efficiency, and transparency of ‎medical data exchange. Traditional healthcare systems rely on multiple centralized databases to store patient records, often leading to data ‎fragmentation, interoperability challenges, and security risks. Blockchain's distributed and immutable ledger can address these concerns by ‎providing a unified, tamper-proof source of truth for healthcare data. This research begins by conducting a detailed analysis of blockchain ‎technology, emphasizing its core principles, including decentralization, immutability, and cryptographic security. Additionally, the study ‎examines various applications of blockchain in healthcare, such as managing patient records, tracking supply chains, and overseeing clinical ‎trials. It highlights the potential advantages of blockchain, such as improving transparency, reducing costs, and enabling patients to have ‎greater control over their personal health information. The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research trends in ‎blockchain-based healthcare solutions, addressing current advancements, challenges, and potential future applications. By thoroughly exploring the evolving landscape of blockchain technology in healthcare, this research seeks to offer valuable insights into its ongoing development and impact.

  • References

    1. McClean, S.; Gillespie, J.; Garg, L.; Barton, M.; Scotney, B.; Kullerton, K. Using phase-type models to cost stroke patient care across health, social and community services. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2014, 236, 190–199. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.01.063.
    2. Soltanisehat, L.; Alizadeh, R.; Hao, H.; Choo, K.K.R. Technical, Temporal, and Spatial Research Challenges and Opportunities in Blockchain-Based Healthcare: A Systematic Literature Review. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 2023, 70, 353–368. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2020.3013507.
    3. Xing, W.; Bei, Y. Medical Health Big Data Classification Based on KNN Classification Algorithm. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 28808–28819. [Cross-Ref] https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2955754.
    4. Khan, A.A.; Wagan, A.A.; Laghari, A.A.; Gilal, A.R.; Aziz, I.A.; Talpur, B.A. BIoMT: A State-of-the-Art Consortium Serverless Network Archi-tecture for Healthcare System Using Blockchain Smart Contracts. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 78887–78898. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3194195.
    5. Quadery, S.E.U.; Hasan, M.; Khan, M.M. Consumer side economic perception of telemedicine during COVID-19 era: A survey on Bangladesh’s perspective. Inform. Med. Unlocked 2021, 27, 100797. [CrossRef] [PubMed] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100797.
    6. M.H. Kassab, J. DeFranco, T. Malas, Giuseppe Destefanis Laplante, V.V. Neto, Exploring research in Blockchain for healthcare and a roadmap for the future, IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. (2019), 1-1.
    7. B. Shen, J. Guo, Y. Yang, MedChain: efficient healthcare data sharing via Blockchain, Appl. Sci. 9 (6) (2019) 1207 https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061207.
    8. O’donoghue O., Vazirani A. A., Brindley D., & Meinert E. (2019). Design choices and trade-offs in health care blockchain implementations: sys-tematic review. Journal of medical Internet research, 21 (5), e12426. https://doi.org/10.2196/12426.
    9. Ozdagoglu G., Damar M., & Ozdagoglu A. (2020). The State of the art in blockchain research (2013– 2018): scientometrics of the related papers in web of science and scopus. In Digital Business Strategies in Blockchain Ecosystems (pp. 569–599). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29739-8_27.
    10. Kitchenham B., Brereton O. P., Budgen D., Turner M., Bailey J., & Linkman S. (2009). Systematic literature reviews in software engineering–a systematic literature review. Information and software technology, 51(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2008.09.009.
    11. Gopalakrishnan S., & Ganeshkumar P. (2013). Systematic reviews and meta-analysis: understanding the best evidence in primary healthcare. Jour-nal of family medicine and primary care, 2(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.109934.
    12. Abou Jaoude J., & Saade R. G. (2019). Blockchain applications–usage in different domains. IEEE Access, 7, 45360–45381. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2902501.
    13. Ho¨lbl M., Kompara M., Kamisˇalić A., & Nemec Zlatolas L. (2018). A systematic review of the use of blockchain in healthcare. Symmetry, 10(10), 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10100470.
    14. Mendling J., Weber I., Aalst W. V. D., Brocke J. V., Cabanillas C., Daniel F., et al. (2018). Blockchains for business process management-challenges and opportunities. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS), 9(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3183367.
    15. Kuo T. T., Gabriel R. A., & Ohno-Machado L. (2019). Fair compute loads enabled by blockchain: sharing models by alternating client and server roles. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 26(5), 392–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocy180.
    16. Meinert E., Alturkistani A., Foley K., Osama T., Car J., Majeed F., et al. Implementation of blockchains in healthcare: protocol for a systematic review.
    17. Hussien, H. M., Yasin, S. M., Udzir, N. I., Ninggal, M. I. H., & Salman, S. (2021). Blockchain technology in the healthcare industry: Trends and opportunities. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 22, 100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2021.100217.
    18. Underwood, Sarah. "Blockchain beyond bitcoin." Communications of the ACM 59, no. 11 (2016): 15-17. https://doi.org/10.1145/2994581.
    19. Ghosh, P. K., Chakraborty, A., Hasan, M., Rashid, K., & Siddique, A. H. (2023). Blockchain application in healthcare systems: A re-view. Systems, 11(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems11010038.
    20. Ferrag, M.A.; Derdour, M.; Mukherjee, M.; Derhab, A.; Maglaras, L.; Janicke, H.: Blockchain technologies for the internet of things: research is-sues and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(2), 2188–2204 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2882794.
    21. Ali, M.S.; Vecchio, M.; Pincheira, M.; Dolui, K.; Antonelli, F.; Rehmani, M.H.: Applications of blockchains in the internet of things: A comprehen-sive survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 21(2), 1676–1717 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2886932.
    22. Fernández-Caramés, T.M.; Fraga-Lamas, P.: A review on the use of blockchain for the internet of things. IEEE Access 6, 32979– 33001 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2842685.
    23. Dai, H.-N.; Zheng, Z.; Zhang, Y.: Blockchain for internet of things: a survey. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(5), 8076–8094 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2920987.
    24. Mingli,W.;Wang, K.; Cai, X.; Guo, S.; Guo, M.; Rong, C.: A comprehensive survey of blockchain: From theory to IoT applications and beyond. IEEE Internet Things J. 6(5), 8114–8154 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2019.2922538.
    25. Park, J.H.; Park, J.H.: Blockchain security in cloud computing: use cases, challenges, and solutions. Symmetry 9(8), 164 (2017) https://doi.org/10.3390/sym9080164.
    26. Almalki, J. (2024). State-of-the-art research in blockchain of things for healthcare. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 49(3), 3163-3191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-023-07896-5.
    27. Wang S, Wang J, Wang X, Qiu T, Yuan Y, Ouyang L, Guo Y, Wang F-Y (2018) Blockchain-powered parallel healthcare systems based on the ACP approach. IEEE Trans Comput Soc Syst 5:942–950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2018.2865526.
    28. 28. Zhang A, Lin X (2018) Towards Secure and Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing in e-Health Systems via Consortium Blockchain. J. Med. Syst. 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0995-5.
    29. Rabah, K.: Challenges and opportunities for blockchain powered healthcare systems: a review. Mara. Res. J. Med. Health Sci. 1(1), 45–52 (2017).
    30. Hölbl, M.; Kompara, M.; Kamišali´c, A.; Nemec Zlatolas, L.: A systematic review of the use of blockchain in healthcare. Symmetry 10(10), 470 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10100470.
    31. McGhin, T.; Raymond Choo, K.-K.; Zhechao Liu, C.; He, D.: Blockchain in healthcare applications: research challenges and opportunities. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 135, 62–75 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2019.02.027.
    32. Esposito, C.; De Santis, A.; Tortora, G.; Chang, H.; Choo, K.-K.R.: Blockchain: A panacea for healthcare cloud-based data security and privacy? IEEE Cloud Comput. 5(1), 31–37 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/MCC.2018.011791712.
    33. Engelhardt,M.A: Hitching healthcare to the chain: an introduction to blockchain technology in the healthcare sector. Technol. Innov. Manag. Rev., 7(10) (2017). https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1111.
    34. Zheng Z, Xie S, Dai H, Chen X, Wang H. An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends. In: 2017 IEEE Inter-national Congress on Big Data (BigData Congress). Honolulu, HI: IEEE (2017), p. 557–64. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigDataCongress.2017.85.
    35. Merkle RC. One way hash functions and DES. In: Brassard G, editor. Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO’89 Proceedings. New York, NY: Springer (2001), p. 428–46. doi: 10.1007/0-387-34805-0_40. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-34805-0_40.
    36. Chinaei, M.H.; Gharakheili, H.H.; Sivaraman, V. Optimal Witnessing of Healthcare IoT Data Using Blockchain Logging Contract. IEEE Internet Things J. 2021, 8, 10117–10130. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3051433.
    37. Egala, B.S.; Pradhan, A.K.; Badarla, V.; Mohanty, S.P. Fortified-Chain: A Blockchain-Based Framework for Security and Privacy Assured Inter-net of Medical Things With Effective Access Control. IEEE Internet Things J. 2021, 8, 11717–11731. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3058946.
    38. Chinaei, M.H.; Gharakheili, H.H.; Sivaraman, V. Optimal Witnessing of Healthcare IoT Data Using Blockchain Logging Contract. IEEE Internet Things J. 2021, 8, 10117–10130. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3051433.
    39. Li, P.; Xu, C.; Jin, H.; Hu, C.; Luo, Y.; Cao, Y.; Mathew, J.; Ma, Y. ChainSDI: A Software-Defined Infrastructure for Regulation Compliant Home-Based Healthcare Services Secured by Blockchains. IEEE Syst. J. 2020, 14, 2042–2053. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2019.2937930.
    40. Qahtan, S.; Sharif, K.Y.; Zaidan, A.A.; Alsattar, H.A.; Albahri, O.S.; Zaidan, B.B.; Zulzalil, H.; Osman, M.H.; Alamoodi, A.H.; Mohammed, R.T. Novel Multi Security and Privacy Benchmarking Framework for Blockchain-Based IoT Healthcare Industry 4.0 Systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2022, 18, 6415–6423. [CrossRef] https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3143619.
    41. Kapadiya, K.; Patel, U.; Gupta, R.; Alshehri, M.D.; Tanwar, S.; Sharma, G.; Bokoro, P.N. Blockchain and AI-Empowered Healthcare Insurance Fraud Detection: An Analysis, Architecture, and Future Prospects. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 79606–79627. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3194569.
    42. Wang, Huaiqing, Kun Chen, and Dongming Xu. "A maturity model for blockchain adoption." Financial Innovation 2, no. 1 (2016): 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0031-z.
    43. Yadav, Vinay Surendra, and A. R. Singh. "A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain Technology in Agriculture." 2017.
    44. XXu, Z., J. Kim, S. Ryu, D. Alevtina, and F. Wang. "secure Electronic Medical Records Sharing Using Block chain: su-i-gpd-j-100." Medical Physics 44, no. 6 (2017): 2822.
    45. Ekblaw, A., Azaria, A., Halamka, J.D., Lippman, A.: A case study for blockchain in healthcare: “MedRec” prototype for electronic health records and medical research data. In: Proceedings of IEEE Open & Big Data Conference, vol. 13, p. 13 (2016).
    46. Fan, K., Wang, S., Ren, Y., Li, H., Yang, Y.: Medblock: efficient and secure medical data sharing via blockchain. J. Med. Syst. 42(8), 136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0993-7.
    47. Jiang, S., Cao, J., Wu, H., Yang, Y., Ma, M., He, J.: BlocHIE: a blockchain-based platform for healthcare information exchange. In: IEEE Interna-tional Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP), pp. 49–56. IEEE (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/SMARTCOMP.2018.00073.
    48. XXu, Z., J. Kim, S. Ryu, D. Alevtina, and F. Wang. "secure Electronic Medical Records Sharing Using Block chain: su-i-gpd-j-100." Medical Physics 44, no. 6 (2017): 2822.
    49. Siyal, Asad, Aisha Junejo, Muhammad Zawish, Kainat Ahmed, Aiman Khalil, and Georgia Soursou. "Applications of Blockchain Technology in Medicine and Healthcare: Challenges and Future Perspectives." Cryptography 3, no. 1 (2019): 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography3010003.
    50. Sharma, A.; Kaur, S.; Singh, M. A comprehensive review on blockchain and Internet of Things in healthcare. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. 2021, 32, e4333. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4333.
    51. Zhang, J.; Xue, N.; Huang, X. A Secure System For Pervasive Social Network-Based Healthcare. IEEE Access 2016, 4, 9239–9250. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2645904.
    52. Weiss, M.; Botha, A.; Herselman, M.; Loots, G. Blockchain as an enabler for public mHealth solutions in South Africa. In Proceedings of the 2017 IST-Africa Week Conference, Windhoek, Namibia, 31 May–2 June 2017; pp. 1–8. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.23919/ISTAFRICA.2017.8102404.
    53. Ichikawa, D., Kashiyama, M., Ueno, T.: Tamper-resistant mobile health using blockchain technology. JMIR mHealth uHealth 5(7), e111 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.7938.
    54. Griggs, K.N., Ossipova, O., Kohlios, C.P., Baccarini, A.N., Howson, E.A., Hayajneh, T.: Healthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for secure automated remote patient monitoring. J. Med. Syst. 42(7), 130 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0982-x.
    55. Ray, P.P., Dash, D., Salah, K., Kumar, N.: Blockchain for IoT-based healthcare: background, consensus, platforms, and use cases. IEEE Syst. J. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2020.2963840.
    56. Gatteschi, V., Lamberti, F., Claudio, D., V´ıctor, S.: Blockchain and smart contracts for insurance: Is the technology mature enough?, February 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi10020020.
    57. Zhou, L., Wang, L., Sun, Y.: MIStore: a blockchain-based medical insurance storage system. J. Med. Syst. 42(8), 149 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0996-4.
    58. Shae, Z., & Tsai,J. (2018). Transform Blockchain into Distributed Parallel Computing Architecture for Precision Medicine. In Proceedings of the IEEE 38th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (pp. 1290–1299). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCS.2018.00129.
    59. Boulos, M. N. K., Wilson, J. T., & Clauson, K. A. (2018). Geospatial blockchain: Promises, challenges, and scenariosin health and healthcare. In-ternational Journal of Health Geographics, 17(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-018-0144-x.
    60. Roman-Belmonte, J. M., De la Corte-Rodriguez, H., Rodriguez-Merchan, E. C. C., la Corte-Rodriguez, H., & Carlos Rodriguez-Merchan, E. (2018). How blockchain technology can change medicine. Postgraduate Medicine, 130(4), 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2018.1472996.
    61. Mamoshina, P., Ojomoko, L., Yanovich, Y., Ostrovski, A., Botezatu, A., Prikhodko, P., & Zhavoronkov, A. et al. (2017). Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare. Oncotarget, 9(5), 5665–5690. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22345.
    62. Marefat, M., & Juneja, A. (2018). Leveraging Blockchain for Retraining Deep learnign Architecture in PatientSpecific Arrhythmia Classification. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical & Health Informatics (BHI) (pp. 393–397). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/BHI.2018.8333451.
    63. Mangesius, Patrick, Johannes Bachmann, Thomas Healy, SamrendSaboor, and Thomas Schabetsberger. "Blockchains in IHE-Based Networks." Studies in health technology and informatics 251 (2018): 27-30. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-880-8-27.
    64. Khezr, S.; Moniruzzaman, M.; Yassine, A.; Benlamri, R. Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review and Directions for Future Research. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1736. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091736.
    65. Hölbl M, Kompara M, Kamišalić A, Nemec Zlatolas L. A Systematic Review of the Use of Blockchain in Healthcare. Symmetry. 2018; 10(10):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10100470.
    66. Ahmed Teli, Tawseef and Masoodi, Faheem, Blockchain in Healthcare: Challenges and Opportunities (July 8, 2021). Proceedings of the Interna-tional Conference on IoT Based Control Networks & Intelligent Systems - ICICNIS 2021, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3882744. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3882744.
    67. Agbo, C. C., & Mahmoud, Q. H. (2020). Blockchain in healthcare: Opportunities, challenges, and possible solutions. International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics (IJHISI), 15(3), 82-97. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJHISI.2020070105.
    68. Kosba, A., Miller, A., Shi, E., Wen, Z., Papamanthou, C.: Hawk: The blockchain model of cryptography and privacy-preserving smart contracts. In: Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). pp. 839–858. San Jose, CA, USA (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2016.55.
    69. Alex Biryukov, Dmitry Khovratovich, and Ivan Pustogarov. Deanonymisation of clients in bitcoin P2P network. In Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS ’14, pages 15–29, New York, NY, USA, 2014. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660379.
    70. Jan Camenisch, Manu Drijvers, and Maria Dubovitskaya. Practical ucsecure delegatable credentials with attributes and their application to block-chain. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS ’17, pages 683–699, New York, NY, USA, 2017. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3134025.
    71. Zibin Zheng, Shaoan Xie, Hong-Ning Dai, Xiangping Chen, and Huaimin Wang. Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey. 12 2017.
    72. Kuo, T. T., Kim, H. E., & Ohno-Machado, L. (2017). Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications. Jour-nal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 24(6), 1211–1220. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocx068.
    73. Esposito, C., De Santis, A., Tortora, G., Chang, H., & Choo, K. R. (2018). Blockchain: A Panacea for Healthcare Cloud-Based Data Security and Privacy? IEEE Cloud Computing, 5(1), 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCC.2018.011791712.
    74. Almalki, J. (2023). State-of-the-Art Research in Blockchain of Things for HealthCare. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 1-29.
    75. Castro, M.; Liskov, B.; et al.: Practical byzantine fault tolerance. OsDI 99, 173–186 (1999)
    76. K.N. Griggs, O. Ossipova, C.P. Kohlios, A.N. Baccarini, E.A. Howson, T. Hayajneh, Healthcare blockchain system using smart contracts for se-cure automated remote patient monitoring, J. Med. Syst. 42 (7) (2018) 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0982-x.
    77. S. Badr, I. Gomaa, E. Abd-Elrahman, Multi-tier blockchain framework for IoTEHRs systems, Procedia Comput. Sci. 141 (2018) 159-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.10.162.
    78. W. Viriyasitavat, T. Anuphaptrirong, D. Hoonsopon, When blockchain meets internet of things: characteristics, challenges, and business opportuni-ties, J. Indus. Inf. Integr. 15 (2019) 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2019.05.002.
    79. W. Viriyasitavat, L. Da Xu, Z. Bi, A. Sapsomboon, New blockchain-based architecture for service interoperations in internet of things, IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. 6 (4) (2019) 739–748. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2019.2924442.
    80. W. Viriyasitavat, L. Da Xu, Z. Bi, D. Hoonsopon, N. Charoenruk, Managing qos of internet-of-things services using blockchain, IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. 6 (6) (2019) 1357–1368. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2019.2919667.
    81. S.G. Alonso, J. Arambarri, M. Lopez-Coronado, ´ I. de la Torre Díez, Proposing new blockchain challenges in ehealth, J. Med Syst 43 (3) (2019) 64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1195-7.
    82. Sofiene, Mansouri., Souhir, Chabchoub., Yousef, Alharbi., Abdulrahman, Alqahtani. (2023). Blockchain Technology in Enhancing Health Care Ecosystem for Sustainable Development. Journal of Wireless Mobile Networks, Ubiquitous Computing, and Dependable Applications, https://doi.org/10.58346/JOWUA.2023.I3.018.
    83. Yuvraj, Singh., M., A., Jabbar., Shishir, Kumar, Shandilya., Olena, Vovk., Yaroslav, Hnatiuk. (2023). Exploring applications of blockchain in healthcare: road map and future directions. Frontiers in Public Health, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1229386.
    84. Stefano, Abbate., Piera, Centobelli., Roberto, Cerchione., Eugenio, Oropallo., Emanuela, Riccio. (2023). Blockchain Technology for Embracing Healthcare 4.0. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3212007.
    85. Sadia, Ramzan., Aqsa, Aqdus., Vinayakumar, Ravi., Deepika, Koundal., Rashid, Amin., Mohammed, A., Al, Ghamdi. (2023). Healthcare Applica-tions Using Blockchain Technology: Motivations and Challenges. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3189734.
    86. (2023). Healthcare Applications Using Blockchain Technology: Motivations and Challenges. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3189734.
    87. Αρετή, Σακελλαρίδου. (2023). Amalgamation of Blockchain with resource-constrained IoT devices for healthcare applications – State of art, chal-lenges and future directions. International journal of cognitive computing in engineering, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcce.2023.06.002.
    88. T., Mokhamed., Manar, Abu, Talib., Mohammad, Adel, Moufti., Sohail, Abbas., Faheem, Khan. (2023). The Potential of Blockchain Technology in Dental Healthcare: A Literature Review. Sensors, https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063277.
    89. Ashraf, Mohey, Eldin., Eman, Hossny., Khaled, T., Wassif., Fatma, A., Omara. (2023). Federated blockchain system (FBS) for the healthcare in-dustry. Dental science reports, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-29813-4.
    90. Jan Heinrich Beinke, Christian Fitte, Frank Teuteberg, Towards a stakeholder or iented blockchain-based architecture for electronic health records: design science research study.", J. Med. Internet Res. 21.10 (2019) e13585. https://doi.org/10.2196/13585.
    91. Khaled Shuaib, et al., Blockchains for secure digitized medicine.", J. Pers. Med. 9.3 (2019) 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm9030035.
    92. Abu-Elezz, I., Hassan, A., Nazeemudeen, A., Househ, M., & Abd-Alrazaq, A. (2020). The benefits and threats of blockchain technology in healthcare: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 142, 104246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104246.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Durga, P., Srilakshmi, G. ., Triveni , R. ., Nadakuditi, V. P., & Jyostna , G. . (2025). Exploring Blockchain Technology: An Introductory ‎Perspective on Its Role in Healthcare. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14(4), 773-785. https://doi.org/10.14419/6xkkem36