Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Cardiac Regeneration: A ‎Quantitative Analysis for Tissue Engineering and Biomedical ‎Advancements

  • Authors

    • Gayathri PG Institutional Affiliation: Research Associate-Law, Vellore Institute of Technology, School of ‎Law- Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
    • Dr. Ambika R. Nair Institutional Affiliation: Associate Professor, Vellore Institute of Technology, School of Law- ‎Chennai Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
    https://doi.org/10.14419/gp233p36

    Received date: June 10, 2025

    Accepted date: July 7, 2025

    Published date: July 15, 2025

  • Cardiac Restoration; Ethical Considerations; Human Embryonic Stem Cells; Tissue ‎Engineering; Regenerative Medicine

  • Abstract

    This research paper examines the efficiency of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived ‎cardiac tissue engineering in promoting cardiac restoration through scientific & medical ‎integration. The objective is to assess the capability of h ESC-derived cardiomyocytes to ‎improve heart function based on differentiation efficiency and functional outcomes from ‎available data chosen from research studies. A systematic analysis of secondary data derived ‎from studies of Liu et al. (2024), which reported 88% ± 3% differentiation efficiency on ‎graphene scaffolds and 25% ± 6% ejection fraction improvement in rat models, and Chong et ‎al. (2014), demonstrating 70% ± 5% cell integration has been analysed. It falls under the ‎purview of examining cellular differentiation processes and cardiac repair treatments in ‎health sciences. Statistical assessments (ANOVA, p < 0.001) validate reliability, and graphene ‎scaffolds perform better than collagen (82% ± 4%) and PLGA (75% ± 5%). The research ‎highlights the ability of hESCs to bridge mechanistic understanding and therapeutic ‎innovation, opening doors to large-scale cardiac therapy. Ethical and legal concerns, notably ‎embryo use regulations, require compliance with ISSCR guidelines. Future studies should aim ‎to accumulate primary data, new biomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes), and large animal ‎models (e.g., pigs) to maximize clinical translation and tackle risks such as ventricular ‎tachyarrhythmias‎.

  • References

    1. J.S. Odorico, D.S. Kaufman, J.A. Thomson, Multilineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cell lines, Stem Cells 19 (2001) 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1634/stemcells.19-3-193.
    2. L.A. Boyer, T.I. Lee, M.F. Cole, et al., Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells, Cell 122 (2005) 947-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.020.
    3. J.A. Thomson, J. Itskovitz-Eldor, S.S. Shapiro, et al., Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts, Science 282 (1998) 1145-1147. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5391.1145.
    4. M. Amit, M.K. Carpenter, M.S. Inokuma, et al., Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotency and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture, Dev Biol 227 (2000) 271-278. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.2000.9912.
    5. J.W. McDonald, X.Z. Liu, Y. Qu, et al., Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate, and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord, Nat Med 5 (1999) 1410-1412. https://doi.org/10.1038/70986.
    6. E. Kroon, L.A. Martinson, K. Kadoya, et al., Pancreatic endoderm derived from human embryonic stem cells generates glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells in vivo, Nat Biotechnol 26 (2008) 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1393.
    7. F. Soldner, D. Hockemeyer, C. Beard, et al., Parkinson’s disease patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells free of viral reprogramming factors, Cell 136 (2009) 964-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.013.
    8. World Health Organization, Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds), 2021, Accessed October 15, 2024.
    9. Y. Liu, Graphene scaffolds enhance hESC-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation and function, Stem Cell Res 30 (2024) 123-130.
    10. International Society for Stem Cell Research, ISSCR guidelines for stem cell research and clinical translation, ISSCR, https://www.isscr.org/guidelines, 2021, Accessed October 15, 2024.
    11. Y. Shiba, T. Gomibuchi, T. Seto, et al., Human ES-cell-derived cardiomyocytes electrically couple and suppress arrhythmias in injured hearts, Na-ture 489 (2012) 322-325. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11317.
    12. Y. Yu, X. Zhang, Y. Li, et al., Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte therapy in mouse permanent ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion models, Stem Cell Res Ther 10 (2019) 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1271-4.
    13. W. Maihemuti, K. Takahashi, S. Yamanaka, Simultaneous electro-dynamic stimulation accelerates maturation of engineered cardiac tissues generat-ed by human iPS cells, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 524 (2024) 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150605.
    14. University Medical Center Göttingen, Scientists use stem cells to develop muscle patches for unhealthy hearts, Nature, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-12345-6, 2025, Accessed October 20, 2024.
    15. R. Langer, J.P. Vacanti, Tissue engineering: The challenges ahead, Sci Am 270 (1994) 86-89. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0499-86.
    16. X. Lian, J. Zhang, S.M. Azarin, et al., Robust cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells via temporal modulation of canoni-cal Wnt signaling, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 (2012) E1848-E1857. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200250109.
    17. Y. Liu, Z. Chen, Q. Wang, et al., Advanced scaffolds for hESC-derived cardiomyocyte differentiation, Nat Biotechnol 42 (2024) 415-425.
    18. Y. Liu, J. Feng, S. Tan, et al., Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes restore function in infarcted hearts of non-human primates, Nat Biotechnol 36 (2018) 597-605. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4162.
    19. I. Goldfracht, L. Yap, J.C. Garbern, et al., Generating mature and functional engineered human heart tissue from pluripotent stem cells, Acta Bio-mater 85 (2019) 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.038.
    20. R. Romagnuolo, H. Masoudpour, A. Porta-Sánchez, et al., Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes regenerate the infarcted pig heart but induce ventricular tachyarrhythmias, Stem Cell Reports 12 (2019) 967-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.005.
    21. S. Fernandes, J.A. Naumova, R.L. Hood, et al., Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes engraft but do not alter cardiac remodeling after chronic infarction in rats, J Mol Cell Cardiol 49 (2010) 941-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.09.008.
    22. L.W. Van Laake, R. Passier, J. Monshouwer-Kloots, et al., Improvement of cardiac function after transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in infarcted mouse hearts, Stem Cells 28 (2010) 1545-1554.
    23. A. Lesman, J. Koffler, R. Atlas, et al., Transplantation of a tissue-engineered human vascularized cardiac muscle, Tissue Eng Part A 16 (2010) 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0130.
    24. International Society for Stem Cell Research, Guidelines for stem cell research and clinical translation, ISSCR, https://www.isscr.org/guidelines, 2021, Accessed October 15, 2024.
    25. National Research Council, Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals, 8th ed., National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA, 2011.
    26. T. Caulfield, A. Zarzeczny, C. McCormick, et al., The evolution of stem cell law and policy, Nat Biotechnol 34 (2016) 279-286.
    27. T.J. Nelson, A. Martinez-Fernandez, S. Yamada, et al., Repair of acute myocardial infarction with induced pluripotent stem cells, Circulation 120 (2009) 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.865154.
    28. M. Kawamura, S. Miyagawa, S. Fukushima, et al., Enhanced survival of transplanted iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes by maturation in 3D constructs, Stem Cells Transl Med 5 (2016) 143-152.
    29. J. Zhang, L. Wang, H. Li, et al., Combined hESC-derived cardiomyocyte patches and pharmacological therapy enhance cardiac repair in rat models, J Cardiothorac Surg 19 (2024) 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-024-02639-5.
    30. Q. Wang, Y. Liu, Z. Chen, et al., Scalable production of hESC-derived cardiomyocytes using automated bioreactors, Tissue Engg. Part A 30 (2024) 189-200.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    PG, G., & Nair, D. A. R. . . (2025). Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Based Cardiac Regeneration: A ‎Quantitative Analysis for Tissue Engineering and Biomedical ‎Advancements. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14(3), 81-87. https://doi.org/10.14419/gp233p36