Addition of superplasticizer and the effect of mixing iron powder ‎in concrete mixtures

  • Authors

    • Rida Respati Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, ‎Indonesia
    • Ade Supiani Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
    • Bram Wira Antoni Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
    https://doi.org/10.14419/vne4pc73

    Received date: April 11, 2025

    Accepted date: May 20, 2025

    Published date: June 2, 2025

  • Compressive Strength; Iron Powder; Superplasticizer

  • Abstract

    Concrete is in demand because it offers several advantages: a relatively low price, good strength, easy access to raw materials, long-lasting properties, fire resistance, and resistance to rot. ‎This research aims to compare the compressive strength quality of K250 concrete ‎under normal conditions and after adding superplasticizer and iron powder. Cube ‎tests consisting of ages 7, 14, and 28 days were carried out using concrete with ‎additional materials and iron powder with mixed variations; then, a concrete ‎compressive strength test was carried out. The research results show that the ‎maximum compressive strength of concrete without adding superplasticizer and ‎iron powder (0% mixture) is 371.85 kg/cm2. Adding 0.5% superplasticizer and ‎‎10%, 20%, and 30% iron powder can increase the maximum compressive strength ‎of concrete by 27.48%, 19.12%, and 8.36%, respectively. In conclusion, the ‎addition of superplasticizers and iron powder can increase the compressive ‎strength of concrete beyond the design compressive strength of normal K250 ‎concrete. Of the four concrete tests carried out with different mixture ‎proportions, all mixtures achieved the design strength of normal K250 concrete. ‎However, it is recommended that the use of iron powder not exceed 10% of the ‎aggregate weight because use above 10% will affect the slump value and increase ‎the weight of the concrete‎.

  • References

    1. Y. Fujino, D. M. Siringoringo, Y. Ikeda, T. Nagayama, and T. Mizutani, “Research and ‎Implementations of Structural Monitoring for Bridges and Buildings in Japan,” ‎Engineering, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1093–1119, Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.09.006.
    2. J. Szolomicki and H. Golasz-Szolomicka, “Technological Advances and Trends in ‎Modern High-Rise Buildings,” Buildings, vol. 9, no. 9, p. 193, Aug. 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings9090193.
    3. M. M. Ali and K. Al-Kodmany, “Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat of the 21st Century: ‎A Global Perspective,” Buildings, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 384–423, Sep. 2012, https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings2040384.
    4. J. Nilimaa, “Smart materials and technologies for sustainable concrete construction,” ‎Developments in the Built Environment, vol. 15, p. 100177, Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2023.100177.
    5. J. Li, “The brief analysis on the structure and material selection of high-rise and super ‎high-rise buildings,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, vol. 267, no. 5, p. 052051, May ‎‎2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/267/5/052051.
    6. C. R. Gagg, “Cement and concrete as an engineering material: An historic appraisal and ‎case study analysis,” Eng Fail Anal, vol. 40, pp. 114–140, May 2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.004.
    7. M. Sundin, H. Hedlund, and A. Cwirzen, “Eco-Concrete in High Temperatures,” ‎Materials, vol. 16, no. 12, p. 4212, Jun. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124212.
    8. R. Vagtholm, A. Matteo, B. Vand, and L. Tupenaite, “Evolution and Current State of ‎Building Materials, Construction Methods, and Building Regulations in the U.K.: ‎Implications for Sustainable Building Practices,” Buildings, vol. 13, no. 6, p. 1480, ‎Jun. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124212.‎
    9. H. A. Shah, Q. Yuan, and N. Photwichai, “Use of materials to lower the cost of ultra-‎high-performance concrete – A review,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 327, p. 127045, ‎Apr. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127045.
    10. T. R. Naik, “Sustainability of Concrete Construction,” Practice Periodical on Structural ‎Design and Construction, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 98–103, May 2008, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0680(2008)13:2(98).
    11. H. Abdul Razak, H. K. Chai, and H. S. Wong, “Near surface characteristics of concrete ‎containing supplementary cementing materials,” Cem Concr Compos, vol. 26, no. 7, ‎pp. 883–889, Oct. 2004, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2003.10.001.
    12. B. Kanagaraj, N. Anand, R. Samuvel Raj, and E. Lubloy, “Techno-socio-economic ‎aspects of Portland cement, Geopolymer, and Limestone Cal-cined Clay Cement ‎‎(LC3) composite systems: A-State-of-Art-Review,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 398, p. ‎‎132484, Sep. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132484.
    13. K.-C. Thienel, T. Haller, and N. Beuntner, “Lightweight Concrete—From Basics to ‎Innovations,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1120, Mar. 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051120.
    14. W. Schmidt, N. S. Msinjili, and H.-C. Kühne, “Materials and technology solutions to ‎tackle the challenges in daily concrete construction for hous-ing and infrastructure in ‎sub-Saharan Africa,” African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and ‎Development, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 401–415, Jun. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2017.1380582.
    15. S. S. Mousavi, C. Bhojaraju, and C. Ouellet-Plamondon, “Clay as a Sustainable Binder ‎for Concrete—A Review,” Construction Materials, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 134–168, Sep. ‎‎2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater1030010.
    16. H. Van Damme, “Concrete material science: Past, present, and future innovations,” Cem ‎Concr Res, vol. 112, pp. 5–24, Oct. 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater1030010.
    17. G. Ma and L. Wang, “A critical review of preparation design and workability ‎measurement of concrete material for largescale 3D printing,” Fron-tiers of Structural ‎and Civil Engineering, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 382–400, Sep. 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-017-0430-x.
    18. A. O. Dawood, H. AL-Khazraji, and R. S. Falih, “Physical and mechanical properties of ‎concrete containing PET wastes as a partial replacement for fine aggregates,” Case ‎Studies in Construction Materials, vol. 14, p. e00482, Jun. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00482.
    19. H. Afrin, N. Huda, and R. Abbasi, “An Overview of Eco-Friendly Alternatives as the ‎Replacement of Cement in Concrete,” IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng, vol. 1200, no. 1, ‎p. 012003, Nov. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1200/1/012003.
    20. M. Syarif, V. Sampebulu, M. Tjaronge, and N. Nasruddin, “Analysis of the physical ‎properties of alternative cement made from recycled waste ma-terials,” International ‎Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 1441–1450, 2018.‎ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00172.
    21. I. Sudarsono, S. I. Wahyudi, H. P. Adi, and M. D. Ikval, “Effect of Zeolite on the ‎Compressive Strength of Concrete with Different Types of Ce-ment,” IOP Conf Ser ‎Earth Environ Sci, vol. 955, no. 1, p. 012002, Jan. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/955/1/012002.
    22. W. T. Talib Khalid, O. Qazi, A. M. Abdirizak, and R. S. M. Rashid, “Comparison of ‎different waste materials used as cement replacement in con-crete,” IOP Conf Ser ‎Earth Environ Sci, vol. 357, no. 1, p. 012010, Nov. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012010.
    23. M. R. S. Wicaksono, A. Qoly, A. Hidayah, and E. K. Pangestuti, “High stenghth ‎concrete with high cement substitution by adding fly ash, CaCO3, silica sand, and ‎superplasticizer,” in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2017, p. 020068. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976932.
    24. F. Althoey, O. Zaid, R. Martínez-García, J. de Prado-Gil, M. Ahmed, and Ahmed. M. ‎Yosri, “Ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced sustainable concrete modified with ‎silica fume and wheat straw ash,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. ‎‎24, pp. 6118–6139, May 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.04.179.
    25. S. M. Mousavi Alizadeh, A. Rezaeian, I. Rasoolan, and B. Tahmouresi, “Compressive ‎stress-strain model and residual strength of self-compacting concrete containing ‎recycled ceramic aggregate after exposure to fire,” Journal of Building Engineering, ‎vol. 38, p. 102206, Jun. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102206.
    26. H. Xu et al., “Experimental study on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced concrete: ‎Effect of cellulose fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber and poly-olefin fiber,” Constr Build ‎Mater, vol. 261, p. 120610, Nov. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120610.‎
    27. A. Singh, J. Singh, M. K. Sinha, R. Kumar, and V. Verma, “Compaction and ‎Densification Characteristics of Iron Powder/Coal Fly Ash Mixtures Processed by ‎Powder Metallurgy Technique,” J Mater Eng Perform, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1207–1220, ‎Feb. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05429-x.‎
    28. M. A. Largeau, R. Mutuku, and J. Thuo, “Effect of Iron Powder ‎‎(Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub‎>) on Strength, Workability, and Porosity of the Bina-ry Blended Concrete,” ‎Open Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 08, no. 04, pp. 411–425, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2018.84029.‎
    29. S. Ghannam, H. Najm, and R. Vasconez, “Experimental study of concrete made with ‎granite and iron powders as partial replacement of sand,” Sustainable Materials and ‎Technologies, vol. 9, pp. 1–9, Sep. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2016.06.001.
    30. Fadlillah, Dion Aji, Frisky Sustiawan, Han Ay Lie, and Purwanto. 2014. "The Effect of ‎Nano Cement Composition on Mortar Compressive Strength." Jurnal Karya Teknik ‎Sipil 3(4): 1031–42.‎
    31. ‎ Harmaini., 2016, A Study on the Flexural Strength of Concrete in Rigid Pavements with ‎the Addition of Scanfibre Fibers to Normal Concrete. Islamic University of Riau, Riau.‎
    32. Mulyono, T. 2003. Beton Technology. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada ‎University.‎
    33. Y. Sunarno, M. W. Tjaronge, R. Irmawaty, and A. B. Muhiddin, “Performance of High ‎Early Strength Concrete (HESC) using Different Super-plasticizer,” IOP Conf Ser ‎Earth Environ Sci, vol. 1117, no. 1, p. 012034, Dec. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012034.
    34. H. R. Agustapraja and R. R. Dhana, “The Effect of Newspaper Powder on Structural ‎Concrete Pressure Fc ‘21, 7 Mpa,” IOP Conf Ser Earth Envi-ron Sci, vol. 830, no. 1, p. ‎‎012002, Sep. 2021, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012002.
    35. S. Kosmatka, B. Kerkhoff, and W. Panarese, Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures., ‎‎14th ed. Skokie: Portland Cement Association, 2003.‎
    36. L. Dvorkin, V. Zhitkovsky, R. Makarenko, and Y. Ribakov, “The Influence of Polymer ‎Superplasticizers on Properties of High-Strength Concrete Based on Low-Clinker ‎Slag Portland Cement,” Materials, vol. 16, no. 5, p. 2075, Mar. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16052075.
    37. D. Pertiwi, T. MCA, and A. Wahyu Setiawan, “The Use of Polymer Admixtures for ‎Concrete Quality 45 Mpa Using the Combination of Bangka-lan and Pandan ‎Aggregate,” Journal of Civil Engineering, Planning and Design, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 89–‎‎98, Nov. 2022, https://doi.org/10.31284/j.jcepd.2022.v1i2.3604.
    38. H. A. Alaka and L. O. Oyedele, “High volume fly ash concrete: The practical impact of ‎using superabundant dose of high range water reducer,” Journal of Building ‎Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 81–90, Dec. 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.09.008.
    39. W. O. Nugroho, A. Sagara, and I. Imran, “The evolution of Indonesian seismic and ‎concrete building codes: From the past to the present,” Struc-tures, vol. 41, pp. 1092–‎‎1108, Jul. 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.05.032.
    40. BSN. SNI 2847:2019 Structural Concrete Requirements for Building Structures. National ‎Standardization Agency. ‎
    41. A. M. Seyam and R. Nemes, “Age influence on compressive strength for concrete made ‎with different types of aggregates after exposed to high temperatures,” Mater Today ‎Proc, Jul. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.403.
    42. A. I. Candra, A. Ridwan, S. Winarto, and Romadhon, “Correlation of Concrete Strength ‎and Concrete Age K-300 Using Sikacim® Concrete Ad-ditive and Master Ease 5010,” ‎J Phys Conf Ser, vol. 1569, no. 4, p. 042032, Jul. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1569/4/042032.
    43. D. Patah, A. Basis, and P. Indrayani, “Effect of Different Treatment Methods on ‎Concrete Strength,” Bandar: Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–9, ‎‎2022.‎
    44. A. Olugbenga, “Effect of Varying Drying Age and Water/Cement Ratio on the Elastic ‎Properties of Laterized Concrete,” Civil Engineering Di-mensions, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. ‎‎85–89, 2007.‎
    45. Harahap, Winson Enrique; Sugeng Wiyono dan Elizar. The Effect of Adding Iron ‎Powder as an Additive to Rigid Pavement Concrete. Journal Of Science & Civil ‎Engineering. Volume 01, Nomor 02, November 2024‎.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Respati, R. ., Supiani, A. ., & Antoni, B. W. . (2025). Addition of superplasticizer and the effect of mixing iron powder ‎in concrete mixtures. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 14(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.14419/vne4pc73