Auditor Independence, Experience, Time Pressure, Workload,‎and Financial Reporting Quality: Mediating Roles of‎Professional Scepticism and Risk Assessment

  • Authors

    • Mohammad Ridwan Rumasukun Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Yapis, Papua. Indonesia
    • Muhammad Yamin Noch Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Yapis, Papua. Indonesia
    https://doi.org/10.14419/pkmncd61

    Received date: November 8, 2025

    Accepted date: December 14, 2025

    Published date: December 27, 2025

  • Auditor Independence; Auditor Experience; Time Pressure; Workload; Professional Scepticism; Risk Assessment; Financial Reporting Quality‎.
  • Abstract

    Audit quality remains a central concern in contemporary financial ecosystems, where public trust hinges upon the credibility of financial ‎disclosures and the ethical integrity of auditors. This study critically examines the indirect effects of auditor independence, experience, time ‎pressure, and workload on financial reporting quality through the mediating roles of professional scepticism and risk assessment. Drawing ‎on the critical-positivist paradigm, this research integrates behavioral, structural, and ethical dimensions to provide a holistic understanding ‎of how human and contextual factors interact to shape audit outcomes. Using a quantitative survey method with 178 professional auditors ‎and data analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the findings reveal that professional scepticism and ‎risk assessment quality serve as significant mediators linking auditor attributes to financial reporting quality. Specifically, auditor experience, ‎time pressure, and workload exhibit strong indirect effects on reporting quality. At the same time, independence demonstrates a weaker, ‎statistically insignificant path—suggesting that institutional and client-related pressures may undermine formal autonomy. The results ‎highlight a paradox wherein professional scepticism, shaped by experience and workload, enhances audit quality yet remains vulnerable to ‎procedural fatigue and cognitive overload under excessive pressure. The findings underscore that audit quality transcends technical compliance; it embodies a form of ethical consciousness in which auditors must navigate the competing demands of independence, judgment, and ‎responsibility. The study contributes to the audit quality discourse by revealing that fostering reflective professional scepticism and managing a balanced workload are essential to sustaining the credibility of financial reporting in an increasingly complex audit environment.

  • References

    1. Abdallah, B. A. M., Ghanem, M. G., & Hijazi, W. H. (2024). Analyzing the Factors That Affect Auditors' Judgment and Decision Making in Leb-anese Audit Firms. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 17(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17020073.
    2. Ahmed, K., & Habib, A. (2023). Firm complexity and the accuracy of auditors' going-concern opinions: The mediating role of auditor work stress. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(3), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18030108.
    3. Ajao, O. S., & Rhoda, P. T. (2020). Audit Quality: Auditors' Professionalism and Objectivity- A Review of Literature. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2020/v8/i11/HS2011-051.
    4. Al-Asmakh, S., Elamer, A. A., & Uadiale, O. M. (2024). Cultural dynamics and tenure trajectories: how auditor tenure and culture influence key audit matters in the GCC. Journal of Accounting Literature. https://doi.org/10.1108/JAL-04-2024-0081.
    5. Aldoseri, M., Hassan, N. T., & Melegy, M. M. A. H. (2020). Audit Committee Quality and Audit Report Lag: The Role of Mandatory IFRS Adop-tion in Saudi Companies. Accounting, 167. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2020.9.019.
    6. Alhassan, H., Yamoah, F., & Boakye, R. (2023). Enhancing Auditor Independence: Perceptions, Challenges, and Strategies. Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 13(4), 654–672.
    7. Alkaraan, F., Albahloul, M., Abdoush, T., Elmarzouky, M., & Gulko, N. (2024). Big Four 'rhetorical' strategies: Carillion's collapse. Journal of Ac-counting and Management Information Systems, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.24818/jamis.2024.02001.
    8. Alsughayer, S. A. (2021). Impact of Auditor Competence, Integrity, and Ethics on Audit Quality in Saudi Arabia. Open Journal of Accounting, 10(4), 125. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojacct.2021.104011.
    9. Alzeban, A. (2020). The Impact of Audit Committee, CEO, and External Auditor Quality on the Timeliness of Financial Reporting. Cogent Busi-ness & Management, 7(1), 1721056.
    10. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psy-chology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056.
    11. Bedard, J. C., & Graham, L. (2011). Detection and severity classifications of Sarbanes–Oxley Section 404 internal control deficiencies. The Ac-counting Review, 86(3), 825–855. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000045
    12. Beretta, V., Demartini, C., & Trucco, S. (2023). Can audit firms be trusted (again)? Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3704644/v1.
    13. Biduri, S., Hermawan, S., Hariyanto, W., & Ningdia, E. W. (2021). Auditor Experience as Moderator on Audit Quality in Creating Qualified Fi-nancial Statements. AKRUAL Jurnal Akuntansi, 13(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v13n1.p14-25
    14. Bol, J. C., Grabner, I., Haesebrouck, K., & Peecher, M. E. (2025). Cultivating Auditors Who Are More Committed to and Better at Ensuring Audit Quality. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5167803.
    15. Boritz, J. E., & Timoshenko, L. M. (2014). On the Use of Checklists in Auditing: A Commentary. Current Issues in Auditing, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2308/ciia-50741.
    16. Bratten, B., Causholli, M., & Sulcaj, V. (2022). Overseeing the External Audit Function: Evidence from Audit Committees' Reported Activities. Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory, 41(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.2308/AJPT-2020-106
    17. Brazel, J. F., Leiby, J., & Schaefer, T. J. (2021). Do Rewards Encourage Professional Scepticism? It Depends. The Accounting Review, 97(4), 131. https://doi.org/10.2308/TAR-2019-0361.
    18. Brazel, J. F., Leiby, J., & Schaefer, T. J. (2024). Who Rewards Appropriate Levels of Professional Scepticism? Journal of Business Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-024-05732-w.
    19. Carpenter, T. D., & Reimers, J. L. (2009). Professional Scepticism: The Effects of a Partner's Influence and the Presence of Fraud on Auditors' Fraud Judgments and Actions. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1068942.
    20. Che, L., Langli, J. C., & Svanström, T. (2021). Are audit partners' compensation and audit quality related to their consulting revenues? Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(6), 106896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106896.
    21. Chen, Y., Li, C., & Wang, Y. (2021). Auditor tenure, experience, and professional scepticism: Evidence from listed companies. International Jour-nal of Auditing, 25(2), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12234.
    22. Ciconte, W., Leiby, J., & Willekens, M. (2024). Where Does the Time Go? Auditors' Commercial Effort, Professional Effort, and Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.12569.
    23. Contell, E. B., Porcuna-Enguix, L., Madrid, J. S., & Serer, G. L. (2021). Female audit team leaders and audit effort. Journal of Business Research, 140, 324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.11.003.
    24. Darmawan, A. (2023). Audit Quality and Its Impact on Financial Reporting Transparency. Golden Ratio of Auditing Research, 3(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.52970/grar.v3i1.375
    25. Dechow, P., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. (2010). Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants, and their consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2–3), 344–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.001.
    26. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2020). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
    27. DeFond, M. L., & Zhang, J. (2014). A review of archival auditing research. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58, 275. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2014.09.002.
    28. Deliu, D. (2020). Elevating Professional Reasoning in Auditing. Psycho-Professional Factors Affecting Auditors' Professional Judgement and Scepticism. Journal of Accounting and Auditing Research & Practice, 2020, 1. https://doi.org/10.5171/2020.804680.
    29. Dhaliwal, D. S., Naiker, V., & Navissi, F. (2010). The Association Between Accruals Quality and the Characteristics of Accounting Experts and Mix of Expertise on Audit Committees. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(3), 787. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01027.x.
    30. Ding, Y. (2023). Auditing and Assurance: Ensuring Financial Integrity and Transparency. In Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research/Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research (p. 212). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-298-9_23.
    31. Dunne, N. J., Brennan, N., & Kirwan, C. E. (2022). How the Big Four maintain and defend logic equilibrium at concurrent performances. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 94, 102479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2022.102479.
    32. Elyana, E., Whetyningtyas, A., & Susanti, D. A. (2023). The Factors Affecting Audit Quality with Auditor's Experience as a Moderating Variable. Journal of Accounting Science, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.21070/jas.v7i2.1716
    33. Eny, N., & Mappanyukki, R. (2020). Moderating Role of Audit Fees on the Effect of Task Complexity and Independence towards Audit Judg-ment. Journal of Economics, Business and Accountancy Ventura, 23(2), 194. https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v23i2.2326.
    34. Fathelbab, O. E. A., & Quba', H. Y. A. (2024). The Role of Board Independence in Enhancing External Auditor Independence. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 18(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18010013.
    35. Girdhar, S. (2015). The Internationalization of Big Accounting Firms and the Implications on Their Practices and Structures: An Institutional Anal-ysis. Research Portal Denmark, 169.
    36. Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F., & Wood, D. A. (2019). Internal audit sourcing arrangements and reliance by external auditors. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 38(2), 49–74.
    37. Gunawan, I., & Lestari, D. (2024). Impact of auditor independence, professionalism, and scepticism on audit quality. Journal of Accounting Re-search, 17(2), 115–130.
    38. Gyer, S. D., Delamat, H., & Ubaidillah, U. (2019). Pengaruh Independensi Auditor, Pengalaman Kerja Auditor, Kompleksitas Audit, Time Budg-etpressure, Dan Due Professionalcare Terhadapkualitas Audit (Studi Kasus Pada Kantor Akuntan Publik Di Palembang). Akuntabilitas Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Akuntansi, 12(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.29259/ja.v12i1.9306.
    39. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7.
    40. Halim, A., Dahlan, A., & Budiwahyono, G. (2020). Reliability Model of Financial Reporting: Moderation and Mediation Effects. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. https://doi.org/10.7176/RJFA/11-24-06
    41. Hamdallah, M. E., Al-N’eimat, S., Srouji, A. F., Al‐Okaily, M., & Albitar, K. (2022). The Effect of Apparent and Intellectual Sustainability Inde-pendence on the Credibility Gap of the Accounting Information. Sustainability, 14(21), 14259. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114259.
    42. Handoyo, S., Riantika, R. L., & Hidayat, M. I. (2022). The Influence of Auditors' Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors on Audit Quality. AFRE (Ac-counting and Financial Review), 5(2), 176. https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v5i2.7808.
    43. Harber, M., & Marx, B. (2019). Contrasting views of audit quality and independence concerns in the South African audit industry. South African Journal of Accounting Research, 34(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/10291954.2019.1667646.
    44. Henseler, J. (2017). Bridging design and behavioral research with variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1281780.
    45. Hossain, M. S., Monem, R. M., & Rowe, A. L. (2019). The Effect of Audit Committee Attributes on Financial Reporting Quality in Bangladesh. International Journal of Auditing, 23(1), 32–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12138.
    46. Hurtt, R. K. (2010). Development of a scale to measure professional scepticism. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 29(1), 149–171. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2010.29.1.149.
    47. IZUKWE, R., & Jeroh, E. (2022). Auditors' Attributes and Firm Value of Listed Nigerian Service Firms. Finance & Accounting Research Journal, 4(4), 218. https://doi.org/10.51594/farj.v4i4.410.
    48. Joshi, P. L., Krishnan, A., & Salleh, N. M. Z. N. (2017). The Determinants of Firms' Characteristics on the Audit and Non-Audit Premium : An Analysis of Firms Listed in the Malaysia Stock Exchange. Indian Journal of Finance, 11(4), 7. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijf/2017/v11i4/112627.
    49. Kamau, C. G. (2022). Considerations for bridging the Audit Expectation Gap: A Desk Review [Review of Considerations for bridging the Audit Expectation Gap: A Desk Review]. African Journal of Commercial Studies, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.59413/ajocs/v1.i1.1.
    50. Kaplan, S. E., O'Donnell, E. F., & Arel, B. (2008). The Influence of Auditor Experience on the Persuasiveness of Information Provided by Man-agement. Auditing A Journal of Practice & Theory, 27(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.2308/aud.2008.27.1.67.
    51. Khudhair, D. Z., Al-Zubaidi, F. K. A., & Raji, A. A.-H. (2018). The effect of board characteristics and audit committee characteristics on audit quality. Management Science Letters, 271. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2018.11.012.
    52. King, H. (2023). Assessing the Impact of Audit Quality on Accountability and Transparency among Financial Institutions in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis [Review of Assessing the Impact of Audit Quality on Accountability and Transparency among Financial In-stitutions in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(2), 11. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t4130.
    53. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
    54. Knechel, W. R., Thomas, E., & Driskill, M. (2022). Calibrating professional scepticism: The role of auditor competence and contextual judgment. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 41(4), 1–27.
    55. Kurniawan, G., Ngumar, S., & Kurnia, K. (2019). Effects Of Time Budget Pressure, Audit Fee, Independence, And Competence on Audit Quality. Journal of Auditing, Finance and Forensic Accounting, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.21107/jaffa.v7i1.6146.
    56. Liu, L., Tang, Q., & Wang, K. (2022). Audit Partner Industry Specialization, Audit Effort, and Audit Quality: Evidence from China. Journal of International Accounting Research, 21(1), 77–96.
    57. Liu, X., & Chan, D. (2012). Consulting revenue sharing, auditor effort and independence, and the regulation of auditor compensation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 31(2), 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2011.10.001.
    58. Lutfi, A., Alkilani, S. Z., Saad, M., Alshirah, M. H., Alshira'h, A. F., Alrawad, M., Al-Khasawneh, M. A., Ibrahim, N., Abdelhalim, A. M., & Ram-adan, M. H. (2022). The Influence of Audit Committee Chair Characteristics on Financial Reporting Quality. Journal of Risk and Financial Man-agement, 15(12), 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15120563.
    59. Marques, I. S. S., Major, M., & Veiga, M. do R. D. (2019). Auditor Independence: A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions of Auditors. Interna-tional Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.15640/ijat.v7n1a2.
    60. Mbatuegwu, C. D. (2022). Moderating Effect of Audit Committee Financial Expertise on the Relationship between Monitoring Attributes and Au-dit Quality of Listed Oil and Gas Companies in Nigeria. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research And Analysis, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i1-22.
    61. Meiryani, M., Sujanto, M., Lindawati, A., Zulkarnain, A., & Liawatimena, S. (2021). Auditor's Perception on Technology Transformation: Block-chain and CAATs on Audit Quality in Indonesia. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0120861.
    62. Mohammed, A., & Asare, N. (2023). The Moderating Role of Auditor Experience in the Relationship between Audit Pressure and Audit Quality. International Journal of Auditing, 27(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12345.
    63. Nasution, R., & Setiawan, A. (2022). Audit tenure, auditor independence, and audit quality: Evidence from emerging markets. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 7(2), 224–239.
    64. Nehme, R., Michael, A., & Kozah, A. E. (2020). Performance appraisal and premature sign-offs, as well as underreporting of chargeable time by external auditors, internal benchmarking of experience and gender. Benchmarking An International Journal, 28(4), 1319. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-10-2019-0467.
    65. Odunayo, J. (2022). Independent of Auditors and Ethical Behaviours in Corporate Financial Reports of Listed Companies in Nigeria. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v5-i3-07.
    66. Okafor, C., & Adebayo, S. (2022). Time pressure, client pressure, and audit quality: Evidence from Nigeria. Managerial Auditing Journal, 37(5), 654–674.
    67. Pratiwi, R., & Chariri, A. (2021). Professional scepticism in the audit process: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Accounting and Investment, 22(1), 53–69.
    68. Primandini, N. M. C., & Latrini, M. Y. (2025). Pengaruh Fee Audit, Time Budget Pressure, dan Pengalaman Auditor pada Kualitas Audit. Owner, 9(1), 357. https://doi.org/10.33395/owner.v9i1.2438.
    69. Puspitasari, W., Mafela, A., & Melani, F. (2019). The Influence of Independence, Work Experience, Due Professional Care, Accountability, Integri-ty, and Client Pressure on Audit Quality. Indonesian Management and Accounting Research, 16(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.25105/imar.v16i2.4677.
    70. Quick, R., Toledano, D. S., & Toledano, J. S. (2023). The impact of auditor-provided non-audit services on audit quality: A review of the archival literature [Review of the impact of auditor-provided non-audit services on audit quality: A review of the archival literature]. Corporate Ownership and Control, 20(2), 93. Publishing house "Virtus Interpress." https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv20i2art8.
    71. Rahmawati, S., & Yusuf, M. (2025). Auditor competence, workload, and fraud detection ability: The mediating role of professional scepticism. Studies in Business and Economics, 20(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2025-0005.
    72. Reckers, P. M. J., & Robinson, D. (2007). New Evidence on Auditor Independence Policy. Advances in Accounting, 23, 207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0882-6110(07)23008-1.
    73. Ridzuan, N. I. M., Said, J., Razali, F. M., Manan, D. I. A., & Sulaiman, N. (2022). Examining the Role of Personality Traits, Digital Technology Skills, and Competency on the Effectiveness of Fraud Risk Assessment among External Auditors. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(11), 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15110536
    74. Santoso, R. D., Riharjo, I. B., & Kurnia, K. (2020). Independensi, Integritas, Serta Kompetensi Auditor Terhadap Kualitas Audit dengan Skep-tisisme Profesional Sebagai Variabel Pemoderasi. Journal of Accounting Science, 4(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.21070/jas.v4i2.559.
    75. Sholeh, I. N., & Widyastuti, S. (2025). Profesionalisme, Independensi, Dan Kualitas Audit Dimoderasi Oleh Time Budget Pressure. JAK (Jurnal Akuntansi) Kajian Ilmiah Akuntansi, 12(1), 93. https://doi.org/10.30656/jak.v12i1.8126.
    76. Smith, J., Lee, C., & Roberts, R. (2020). Workload, job stress, and audit quality: Evidence from auditors. Accounting Forum, 44(4), 341–362.
    77. Sultana, N., Singh, H., & Rahman, A. (2022). Audit committee characteristics and audit quality: Evidence from an emerging economy. Internation-al Journal of Auditing, 26(3), 401–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12264.
    78. Svanberg, J., & Öhman, P. (2016). Auditors' Time Pressure: Does It Influence Audit Quality? Managerial Auditing Journal, 31(7), 891–907.
    79. Svanström, T. (2016). Time pressure, training activities, and dysfunctional auditor behavior: Evidence from small audit firms. International Journal of Auditing, 20(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijau.12055.
    80. Tepalagul, N., & Lin, L. (2014). Auditor Independence and Audit Quality. Journal of Accounting Auditing & Finance, 30(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X14544505.
    81. Tormo‐Carbó, G., Mardawi, Z., & Seguí‐Mas, E. (2024). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Auditor Ethical Conflict and Turnover Intention. Journal of Business Ethics, 194(2), 335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-023-05583-x.
    82. Wang, Y. (2020). New Insights on Audit Quality. International Journal of Business and Economic Sciences Applied Research, 13(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.25103/ijbesar.131.03.
    83. Wedemeyer, P. D. (2010). A discussion of auditor judgment as the critical component in audit quality – A practitioner's perspective. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 7(4), 320. https://doi.org/10.1057/jdg.2010.19.
    84. Wu, Z., Guo, J., & Zhou, Z. (2025). Auditor Industry Expertise and Corporate Violations: Based on Client Importance Perspectives. In Applied economics and policy studies (p. 744). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-3236-7_64.
    85. Yakubu, R., & Williams, T. (2020). A theoretical approach to auditor independence and audit quality. Corporate Ownership and Control, 17(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv17i2art11
    86. Zhang, L., & Li, Z. M. (2024). Do the unusual resignations of independent directors affect auditors' professional judgment? PLoS ONE, 19(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304585.
  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Rumasukun, M. R. ., & Noch, M. Y. (2025). Auditor Independence, Experience, Time Pressure, Workload,‎and Financial Reporting Quality: Mediating Roles of‎Professional Scepticism and Risk Assessment. International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 12(8), 842-853. https://doi.org/10.14419/pkmncd61