WMNs enabled WBANs system for pilgrims’ health monitoring at overcrowded environment during hajj in Saudi Arabia: a feasibility study

  • Authors

    • Shah Murtaza Rashid Al Masud
    • Ghassan Ahmed Ali
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28365
  • Hajj, Pilgrims, Health Monitoring, Overcrowd, MAC Protocol, WBANs, WMNs.

  • Due to the hardship of expedition, instability, overcrowded environment and fluctuation of rough weather, continuous walking, hassle and mental stress during the Hajj at Makkah in Saudi Arabia, many pilgrims get injured, sick and tired. Besides, those who are suffering from various chronic diseases may also contract severe heart, chest, abdominal, and kidney diseases along with some infectious diseases like influenza and thus complicate the overall physiological functions of the patients. Other than the problems of physical sickness and diseases due to harsh and overcrowding at ritual sites also causes numerous problems which may end with the physical injury, trauma and even death along with missing or lost pilgrims. Therefore during Hajj, it is a crucial matter and a significant challenge to ensure the best healthcare services and facilities for pilgrims’ real-time health monitoring. Wireless body area networks (WBANs) is a modern and promising healthcare technology which coverage is limited to 1-2 meters. Hence, to extend the network coverage area for WBANs at Hajj ritual sites we have proposed wireless mesh networks (WMNs) to integrate with WBANs due to its self-expandable, self-configuring and self-healing nature. In this research, an extensive literature review is conducted, and a feasibility study is performed to identify the way to transmit pilgrims’ health information to the healthcare centres by integrating WBANs with WMNs.

  • References

    1. [1] Shah Murtaza Rashid Al Masud, Asmidar Abu Bakar, Salman Yussof, ‘Determining the Types of Diseases and Emergency Issues in Pilgrims During Hajj: A Literature Review’ International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (ijacsa), 7(10), 2016, Web of Science, Thomson Reuters (ISI)
      [2] Jamil. Y. Khan and Mehmet R. Yuce, Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) for Medical Applications, Book Chapter 31, "New De-velopments in Biomedical Engineering", book edited by Domenico Campolo, ISBN 978-953-7619-57-2, Published: January 1, 2010, under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, https://doi.org/10.5772/7598.
      [3] Rashid B, Rehmani MH., ‘Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: A survey’, Journal of Network and Computer Ap-plications (2015), v.18 n.2, p.419-440, May 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2015.09.008i
      [4] Miftadi Sudjai1, Le Chung Tran, Farzad Safaei, Tadeusz Wysocki, and Son Lam Phung, Sudjai et al., ‘High-speed adaptive wireless body area networks’, EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communica-tions and Networking, November 2016, 2016:269 DOI 10.1186/s13638-016-0772-4
      [5] J. Ryckaert, P. De Doncker, R. Meys, A. De Le Hoye, and S. Donnay, “Channel model for wireless communication around the human body,†Electronics Letters, vol. 40, no. 9, pp. 543–544, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20040386.
      [6] Ilkyu Ha, ‘Technologies and Research Trends in Wireless Body Ar-ea Networks for Healthcare: A Systematic Literature Review’, Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Distribut-ed Sensor Networks Volume 2015, Article ID 573538, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/573538.
      [7] H. Cao, V. Leung, C. Chow, and H. Chan, “Enabling technolo-gies for wireless body area networks: a survey and outlook,†IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 47,no. 12,pp. 84–93, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2009.5350373.
      [8] Shah Murtaza Rashid Al Masud, ‘Study and Analysis of Scientific Scopes, Issues and Challenges towards Developing a Righteous Wireless Body Area Network’, International Journal of Soft Com-puting and Engineering (IJSCE), ISSN: 2231-2307, Volume-3, Is-sue-2, May 2013, pp. 243-251, Impact factor: 1.0
      [9] Shah Murtaza Rashid Al Masud, ‘QoS Taxonomy towards Wireless Body Area Network Solutions’, International Journal of Applica-tion or Innovation in Engineering & Management, Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013, pp. 221-234, Impact factor: 2.379
      [10] Samaneh Movassaghi, Student Member, IEEE, Mehran Abolhasan, Senior Member, IEEE, Justin Lipman, Member, IEEE, David Smith, Member, IEEE, and Abbas Jamalipour, Fellow, IEEE, ‘Wireless Body Area Networks: A Survey’, IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION Article in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · January 2014 https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2013.121313.00064.
      [11] Ahmed Abujoda, Arjuna Sathiaseelan, Amr Rizk, Panagiotis Papadimitriou, ‘Software-Defined Crowd-Shared Wireless Mesh Networks’, published in: Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), 2014 IEEE 10th International Conference, Date of Conference: 8-10 Oct. 2014 Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 24 November 2014 ISBN Information: INSPEC Accession Num-ber: 14761053 DOI: 10.1109/WiMOB.2014.6962161 Publisher: IEEE https://doi.org/10.1109/WiMOB.2014.6962161.
      [12] Jack Tsai and Tim Moors, ‘A review of multipath routing protocols: From wireless ad hoc to mesh networks’, In ACoRN early career researcher workshop on wireless multi-hop networking, 2006.
      [13] Shah Murtaza Rashid Al Masud, Mohammad Arif Siddiqui, ‘To-wards Design of Novel Low Power MAC Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networks’, http://www.svpublishers.co.uk/#/ijcis-apr-2012/4564734051, issue 4, volume 4, 2012.
      [14] Sooyeol Yang, Honggil Lee, et al., “Analysis and Proposal of Wire-less Mesh Network's Routing Metric for WBANâ€, IEEE Interna-tional Conference on Networks and Communications, 2009. NET-COM '09.
      [15] Habiba Skalli, Samik Ghosh, Sajal K. Das, Luciano Lenzini, “Channel Assignment Strategies for Multiradio Wireless Mesh Networks: Issues and Solutionsâ€, IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2007, Authorized licensed use limited to: Stanford Uni-versity, IEEE Xplorer, 2010.
      [16] Asad Amir Pirzada, Ryan Wishart, Marius Portmann, “Multi-Linked AODV Routing Protocol for Wireless Mesh Networksâ€, Global Telecommunications Conference, 2007. GLOBECOM '07. IEEE https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2007.934.
      [17] MohammadMeftah Alrayes, Sanjay Kumar Biswash, Neeraj Tyagi, Rajeev Tripathi, Arun KumarMisra, and Sanjeev Jain, “An En-hancement of AODV with Multi-Radio in Hybrid Wireless Mesh Networkâ€, Hindawi, ISRN Electronics Volume 2013 (2013), Arti-cle ID 925176, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/925176.
      [18] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, and S. Das, “Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing,†IETF, Request for Comment Request for Comments 3561, 2003.
      [19] Sunayana Saha and Peter Bajcsy, System Design Issues in Single-Hop Wireless Sensor Network, proceedings Communications, In-ternet, and Information Technology (CIIT 2003), Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
      [20] Song Yang, Jia-Liang Lu, Fan Yang, Linghe Kong, Wei Shu and Min-You Wu, Behavior-Aware Probabilistic Routing For Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2013 IEEE, USA.
      [21] Bart Braem, Benoit Latre, Ingrid Moerman, Chris Blondia, Piet Demeester, The Wireless Autonomous Spanning tree Protocol for Multihop Wireless Body Area Networks, IEEE Third Annual Inter-national Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Network-ing & Services, 2006, California, USA.
      [22] Mohd Kaleem, Dr. R. P. Mahapatra, Energy Consumption Using Network Stability And Multi-hop Protocol For Link Efficiency in Wireless Body Area Networks, IOSR Journal of Computer Engi-neering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 16, Issue 3, Ver. II (May-Jun. 2014), PP 113-120.
      [23] A.BOUDHIR, Med.BOUHORMA, , Med.BENAHMED, S.Elbrak, A REAL TIME HEALTH CONTROL AND LOCALIZATION OF PILGRIMS IN EL HAJJ :BSN APPLICATION, Journal of Theo-retical and Applied Information Technology 20th March 2013. Vol. 49 No.2.
      [24] Norman A. Benjamin and Suresh Sankaranarayanan, Performance of Wireless Body Sensor based Mesh Network for Health Applica-tion, International Journal of Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications (IJCISIM), ISSN: 2150-7988 Vol.2 (2010), pp.020-028.
      [25] Kunryun Cho, Seokhee Jeon, Jinsung Cho and Ben Lee, "ISRMC-MAC: Implementable Single-Radio, Multi-Channel MAC Protocol for WBANs" KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Sys-tem, Vol.10, Issue.3, 2016 (SCIE). [26] Nabil Ali Alrajeh, Shafiullah Khan, Carlene E-A Campbell and Bi-lal Shams, Multi-Channel Framework for Body Area Network in Health Monitoring, Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences 7(5):1743-1747 · September 2013.
      [27] B. Braem, B. Latre, I. Moerman, C. Blondia, P. Demeester, The wireless autonomous spanning tree protocol for multihop wireless body area networks, in: Proc. IEEE International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services (Mo-biQuitous), 2006, pp. 479–486.
      [28] B. Braem, B. Latre, I. Moerman, C. Blondia, P. Demeester, Improv-ing reliability in multi-hop body sensor networks, in: Proc. IEEE Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSOR-COMM), 2008, pp. 342–347.
      [29] S. Ullah, H. Higgins, B. Braem, B. Latre, C. Blondia, I. Moerman, S. Saleem, Z. Rahman, K.S. wak, A comprehensive survey of wireless body area networks, J. Med. Syst. 36 (3) (2012) 1065–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9571-3.
      [30] S. Ullah, B. Shen, S.M. R. Islam, P. Khan, S. Saleem, K. S. Kwak, “A Study of MAC Protocols for WBANsâ€, Sensors 2010, 10, pp.128-145; https://doi.org/10.3390/s100100128.
      [31] S. Ullah, P. Khan, N.Ullah, S.Saleem, H. Higgins, K. S.Kwak, “A Review of Wireless Body Area Networks for Medical Applicationsâ€, International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 797-803, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcns.2009.28093.
      [32] H. C. Keong, M. R. Yuce, “Analysis of a Multi-Access Scheme and Asynchronous Transmit-Only UWB for Wireless Body Area Net-
      5186 International Journal of Engineering & Technology
      worksâ€, pp.2200-2203, Microwave Conference, 2009.APMC 2009. Asia Pacific, https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5333616.
      [33] E. Jovanov, A. Milenkovic, C. Otto, P. Groen, “A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitationâ€, Journal of Neuro Engineering and Rehabil-itation, vol. 2, no.6, March 2005, https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-2-6.
      [34] S. Ullah, X. An, K.S. Kwak, “Towards Power Efficient MAC Pro-tocol for In-Body and On-Body Sensor Networksâ€, Agent and Mul-ti-Agent Systems: Technologies and Applications Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009, Volume 5559, pp.335-345, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01665-3_34.
      [35] B. Latre, B. Braem, I. Moerman, C. Blondia, P. Demeester, “A sur-vey on wireless body area networksâ€, Wireless Networks (2011) 17:1–18, Springer Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-010-0252-4.
      [36] M. Chen, S. Gonzalez, A. Vasilakos, H. Cao, V. C. Leung, “Body Area Networks: A Surveyâ€, Mobile Networks and Applications, 16(2), pp.171-193, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-010-0260-8.
      [37] S. Ullah, H. Higgins, B. Braem, B. Latre,C. Blondia, et al. "A Com-prehensive Survey of Wireless Body Area Networks On PHY, MAC, and Network Layers Solutions", Journal of Medical Systems, 2012, Volume 36, Number 3, pp. 1065-1094, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9571-3.
      [38] A. Pantelopoulos, N. G. Bourbakis, “A Survey on Wearable Sensor-Based Systems for Health Monitoring and Prognosisâ€, Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews, 2010, Vol 40, Issue 1, pp.1-12, https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2009.2032660.
      [39] M. R. Yuce, “Implementation of Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Systemsâ€, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Volume 162, Issue 1, July 2010, pp.116–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2010.06.004.
      [40] S. Ullah, K. S. Kwak, “Body Area Network for Ubiquitous Healthcare Applications: Theory and Implementationâ€, Journal of Medical Systems, 2011, Volume 35, Number 5, pp. 1243-1244, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-011-9787-x.
      [41] G. C. Dogali, C. Bayilmis, S. Kacar, I. Kirbas, "Application of an on-line medical monitoring system", Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU), 2012 20th, pp.1-4, April 2012, https://doi.org/10.1109/SIU.2012.6204633.
      [42] I. Kirbas, C. Bayilmis, "Healthface: A Web-based Remote Monitor-ing Interface for Medical Healthcare Systems Based on Wireless Body Area Sensor Network", TJEECS the Turkish Journal of Elec-trical Engineering & Computer Sciences, 2012, vol. 20, no 4, pp.629-638.
      [43] B. Koo, K. Han, J. J. Park, T. Shon, “Design and implementation of a wireless sensor network architecture using smart mobile devicesâ€, Telecommunication Systems , https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-011-9535-z.
      [44] A. M. Khattak, Z. Pervez, S. Lee, Y.-K. Lee, “Intelligent healthcare service provisioning using ontology with low-level sensory dataâ€, KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol.5, no.11, pp.2016-2034, Nov 2011. https://doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2011.11.008.
      [45] W.-Y. Chung, “Multi-Modal Sensing M2M Healthcare Service in WSNâ€, KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol.6, no.4, pp.1090-1105, Apr 2012.
      [46] Y.-M. Kang, S. Lim, J. Yoo, C.-K. Kim, “Design, analysis and implementation of energy-efficient broadcast MAC protocols for wireless sensor networksâ€, KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol.5, no.6, pp.1113-1132, Jun 2011. https://doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2011.06.002.
      [47] S. Rezvani, S. A. Ghorashi, “A Novel WBAN MAC protocol with Improved Energy Consumption and Data Rateâ€, KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 9, pp.2302-2322, Sep 2012. https://doi.org/10.3837/tiis.2012.09.019.
      [48] B. de Silva, A. Natarajan, M. Motani, “Inter-User Interference in Body Sensor Networks: Preliminary Investigation and an Infra-structure-Based Solutionâ€, Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 2009, pp.35-40, https://doi.org/10.1109/BSN.2009.36.
      [49] S. Marinkovic, C. Spagnol, E. Popovici, “Energy-Efficient TDMA-Based MAC Protocol for Wireless Body Area Networksâ€, 2009 Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Appli-cations, pp.604-609, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2009.99.
      [50] N. F. Timmons, W. G. Scanlon, “An adaptive energy efficient MAC protocol for the medical body area networkâ€, Wireless Communica-tion, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology, 2009, pp.587-593, https://doi.org/10.1109/WIRELESSVITAE.2009.5172512.
      [51] G. Fang, E. Dutkiewicz, “BodyMAC: Energy efficient TDMA-based MAC protocol for Wireless Body Area Networksâ€, Commu-nications and Information Technology, ISCIT 2009, pp.1455-1459, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCIT.2009.5341045.
      [52] W. Lee, S. H. Rhee, Y. Kim, H. Lee, “An efficient multi-channel management protocol for Wireless Body Area Networksâ€, Infor-mation Networking, 2009, ICOIN 2009, pp.1-5, ISBN: 978-89-960761-3-1.
      [53] A. El-Hoiydi, J.-D. Decotignie, “WiseMAC: an ultra-low power MAC protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networksâ€, Computers and Communications, 2004, Vol.1, pp.244-251, https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCC.2004.1358412.C. Bayilmis, M. Younis, “Energy-aware Gateway Selection for Increasing the Life-time of Wireless Body Area Sensor Networksâ€, Journal of Medical Systems, Volume 36, Number 3 (2012), pp.1593-1601, DOI:10.1007/s10916-010-9620-y [54] Kirbas, Ismail; Karahan, Alper; Sevin, Abdullah; Bayilmis, Cuneyt, “isMAC: An Adaptive and Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol Based on Multi-Channel Communication for Wireless Body Area Net-worksâ€, KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems;Aug2013, Vol. 7 Issue 8, p1805, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-010-9620-y.
      [55] Nandiraju, N., Nandiraju, D., Santhanam, L., He, B., Wang, J., Agrawal, D.P.: Wireless Mesh Networks: Current Challenges and Future Directions of Web-In-The-Sky. IEEE Wireless Communica-tions 14(4), 79–89 (2007).
      [56] Hossain, E., Leung, K., “Wireless Mesh Networks Architectures and Protocolsâ€, Springer, Heidelberg (2008) https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2007.4300987.
      [57] Roberto Santamar´ıa, Olivier Bourdeau, Tricha Anjali, “MAC-ASA: A New MAC Protocol for WMNsâ€, IEEE, Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, 2007. ICCCN 2007.
      [58] Yangzhe Liao, Mark S. Leeson, Matthew D. Higgins, ‘A Commu-nication Link Analysis Based on Biological Implant Wireless Body Area Networks’, Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, June 2016 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN.2007.4317944.
      [59] Ahmed Lounis, Abdelkrim Hadjidj, Abdelmadjid Bouabdallah, Ya-cine Challal, ‘Healing on the Cloud: Secure cloud architecture for medical wireless sensor networks’, Future Generation Computer Systems 55 (2016) 266–277.
      [60] Jiafu Wan, C Zou, Sana Ullah, Chin Lai, Ming Zhou, X Wang, ‘Cloud-enabled wireless body area networks for pervasive healthcare’, Published in: IEEE Network ( Volume: 27, Issue: 5, September-October 2013 ) Page(s): 56 - 61 Date of Publication: 03 October 2013 Print ISSN: 0890-8044 INSPEC Accession Num-ber: 13797061 DOI: 10.1109/MNET.2013.6616116 Publisher: IEEE Sponsored by IEEE Communications Society https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2015.01.009.
      [61] Giancarlo Fortino, Giuseppe Di Fatta, Mukaddim Pathan, Athana-sios V. Vasilakos, IEEE, Cloud-Assisted Body Area Networks: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges Wireless Networks 20(7):1925-1938 · October 2014.
      [62] Mohammad Ghamari, Balazs Janko, R. Simon Sherratt, William Harwin, Robert Piechockic and Cinna Soltanpur, ‘A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks for eHealthcare Systems in Residential Environments’, Sensors 2016, 16 (6), 831; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-014-0714-1.
      [63] Jocelyne Elias, Abdallah Jarray, Javier Salazar, Ahmed Karmouch, Ahmed Mehaoua. A re- liable design of Wireless Body Area Net-works. IEEE Global Communications Conference GLOBECOM 2013, Dec 2013, Atlanta, GA, United States. Global Communica-tions Conference (GLOBECOM), 2013 IEEE, pp.2742 - 2748, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3390/s16060831.
      [64] Ashraf Darwish 1, and Aboul Ella Hassanien, ‘Wearable and Im-plantable Wireless Sensor Network Solutions for Healthcare Moni-toring’, Sensors 2011, 11, 5561-5595. [65] Xu, Xiaoling, et al. "A survey on energy harvesting and integrated data sharing in wireless body area networks." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks (2015) https://doi.org/10.3390/s110605561.
      [66] Sana Tmar-Ben Hamida, Elyes Ben Hamida, and Beena Ahmed, ‘A New mHealth Communication Framework for Use in Wearable WBANs and Mobile Technologies’, Sensors 2015, 15, 3379-3408; https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/438695.
      [67] Thaier Hayajneh, Ghada Almashaqbeh, Sana Ullah, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, ‘A Survey of Wireless Technologies Coexistence in WBAN: Analysis and Open Research Issues’, Wireless Net-
      International Journal of Engineering & Technology 5187
      works · November 2014 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-014-0736-8.
      [68] M. R. Yuce, “Implementation of wireless body area networks for healthcare systems,†Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. 116–129, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2010.06.004.
      [69] CHRIS OTTO, ALEKSANDAR MILENKOVIĆ, COREY SAND-ERS, EMIL JOVANOV, ‘SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF A WIRELESS BODY AREA SENSOR NETWORK FOR UBIQUI-TOUS HEALTH MONITORING’, Journal of Mobile Multimedia, Vol. 1, No.4 (2006) 307-326.
      [70] Wei Yuan, Xiangyu Wang, Jean-Paul, M. G. Linnartz, Ignas G. M. M, Niemegeers, ‘Coexistence Performance of IEEE 802.15.4 Wire-less Sensor Networks Under IEEE 802.11b/g Interference’, Wire-less Pers Commun (2013) 68:281–302 DOI 10.1007/s11277-011-0452-Year 2011.
      [71] Riccardo Cavallari, Student Member, IEEE, Flavia Martelli, Ra-mona Rosini, Student Member, IEEE, Chiara Buratti, Member, IEEE, and Roberto Verdone, Member, IEEE, A Survey on Wireless Body Area Networks: Technologies and Design Challenges, IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS, VOL. 16, NO. 3, THIRD QUARTER 2014 1635.
      [72] Stepan Ivanov; Dmitri Botvich; Sasitharan Balasubramaniam, ‘Co-operative wireless sensor environments supporting body area net-works’ IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Year: 2012, Volume: 58, Issue: 2, Pages: 284 – 292.
      [73] Akram Alomainy, Raffaele Di Bari, Qammer H. Abbasi, Yifan Chen, ‘Co-Operative and Energy Efficient Body Area and Wireless Sensor Networks for Healthcare Applications’, Science Direct, 2014, Pages 25–38.
      [74] Monica Vallejo, Joaqu´ın Recas, Pablo Garc´ıa del Valle, and Jose L. Ayala, ‘Accurate Human Tissue Characterization for Energy-Efficient Wireless On-Body Communications’, Sensors 2013, 13, 7546-7569 https://doi.org/10.3390/s130607546.
      [75] Kunryun Cho, Kyung Hee, Zilong Jin, Kyung Hee, Jinsung Cho, Kyung Hee, ‘Design and Implementation of a Single Radio Multi-Channel MAC Protocol on IEEE 802.15.4 for WBAN’, ICU-IMC(IMCOM)’14, January 9–11, 2014, Siem Reap, Cambodia. https://doi.org/10.1145/2557977.2558018.
      [76] Cheng L. and Wang P., A Cluster Based On-demand MultiChannel MAC Protocol for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks, in IEEE International Conference on Communications, (Beijing, China, 2008), 2371-2376.
      [77] Chintalapudi K. K. and Venkatraman L., On the Design of MAC protocols for Low-Latency Hard Real-Time Discrete Control Ap-plications Over 802.15.4 Hardware, in 7th international Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, (Missouri, USA, 2008), 356-367.
      [78] Vivek J., Ratnabali B., and Dharma P. A., Energy-Efficient and Re-liable Medium Access in Sensor Networks, in 8th International Symposium on World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Net-works, (Espoo, Finland, 2007), 1-8.
      [79] Zhiwu Liu, BeiHang, Wei Wu, ‘A Dynamic Multi-radio Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks’, 2010 Sec-ond International Conference on Communication Software and Networks, 978-0-7695-3961-4/10 $26.00 © 2010 IEEE.
      [80] Liu, S., Liu, K. and Li, W., ‘A multi-agent system for pervasive healthcare’, 14th International Conference on Informatics and Se-miotics in Organization (ICISO), 25 -27 Mar 2013, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 97-105. Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/31978/.
      [81] Bing He, Bin Xie, and Dharma P. Agrawal, ‘Internet Gateway De-ployment Optimization in a Multi-Channel Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Network’, Published in: Wireless Communications and Net-working Conference, 2008. WCNC 2008. IEEE.
      [82] H. Alemdar and C. Ersoy, “Wireless sensor networks for healthcare: a survey,†Computer Networks, vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2688–2710, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.003.
      [83] Liu, S., Liu, K. and Li, W., ‘A multi-agent system for pervasive healthcare’, 14th International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisation (ICISO), 25 -27 Mar 2013, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 97-105.
      [84] Wei Yuan, Xiangyu Wang, Jean-Paul M. G. Linnartz, Ignas G. M. M, Niemegeers, ‘Coexistence Performance of IEEE 802.15.4 Wire-less Sensor Networks Under IEEE 802.11b/g Interference’, Wire-less Personal Communication (2013) 68:281–302.
      [85] Shaker Alanazi, Jalal Al-Muhtadi, Abdelouahid Derhab, Kashif Saleem, Afnan N. AlRomi, Hanan S Alholaibah, Joel J.P.C Rodrigues, ‘On resilience of Wireless Mesh routing protocol against DoS attacks in IoT-based ambient assisted living
      applications’, Published in: E-health Networking, Application & Services (HealthCom), 2015 17th International Conference on Date of Conference: 14-17 Oct. 2015 Date Added to IEEE Xplore: 19 April 2016 Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4673-8325-7 INSPEC.
      [86] Mojtaba Seyedzadegan, Mohamed Othman, Borhanuddin Mohd Ali and Shamala Subramaniam, ‘Wireless Mesh Networks: WMN Overview, WMN Architecture’, 2011 International Conference on Communication Engineering and Networks, IPCSIT vol.19 (2011), IACSIT Press, Singapore.
      [87] C. Anbu Ananth, Dr. K. Selvakumar, ‘An Efficient Load Balancing Techniques for Wireless Mesh Networks’, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 3 Issue 2, Feb-ruary - 2014 ISSN: 2278-0181.
      [88] Cristina Ribeiro, Alexander Ferworn, and Jimmy Tran, Wireless mesh networks performance for urban search and rescue missions’, International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC), Vol.2, No.2, March 2010.
      [89] Omar M. Zakaria, Aisha-Hassan A. Hashim, Wan H. Hassan, Othman O. Khalifa, M. Azram, Lalitha B. Jivanadham, Mistura L. Sanni and Mahdi Zareei, ‘Joint Channel Assignment and Routing in Multi-radio Multichannel Wireless Mesh Networks: Design Considerations and Approaches’, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Journal of Computer Networks and Communications Volume 2016, Article ID 2769685, 24 pages.
      [90] Pan Li, Member, IEEE, Nicola Scalabrino, Yuguang (Michael) Fang, Fellow, IEEE, Enrico Gregori, and Imrich Chlamtac, Fellow, IEEE, ‘How to Effectively Use Multiple Channels in Wireless Mesh Networks’, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2009 1641.
      [91] Sabato Manfredi, ‘Performance Evaluation of Healthcare Monitor-ing System over Heterogeneous Wireless Networks’, E-Health Tel-ecommunication Systems and Networks, 2012, 1, 27-36 http://www.SciRP.org/journal/etsn.
      [92] Qiang Fan, ‘A Multi-hop Energy-efficient Sleeping MAC Protocol based on TDMA Scheduling for Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks’, JOURNAL OF NETWORKS, VOL. 7, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2012.
      [93] Stefan Bouckaert, Eli De Poorter, Pieter De Mil, Ingrid Moerman, Piet Demeester, ‘Interconnecting Wireless Sensor and Wireless Mesh Networks: Challenges and Strategies’, IEEE "GLOBECOM" 2009 proceedings.
      [94] Fan Jing, Yin Shi-tang, Wu Qiong, Gao fei, “Study on refined de-ployment of wireless mesh sensor networkâ€, Proceedings of Inter-national Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, July 20.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Murtaza Rashid Al Masud, S., & Ahmed Ali, G. (2018). WMNs enabled WBANs system for pilgrims’ health monitoring at overcrowded environment during hajj in Saudi Arabia: a feasibility study. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 5178-5187. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.28365