Toxicity Analysis on Weight-Loss Supplement using Allium Test and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR)

  • Authors

    • N Mohamed Yunus
    • L W Z Ahmad
    • I Mahadi
    • M F Yahaya
    2019-12-24
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27469
  • Allium cepa, supplement, cytotoxic, genotoxic, SSR.
  • Recently, consumptions of weight-loss supplement to reduce and maintain body weight had tremendously increased among local people. The effect of this supplement on dividing cells particularly on chromosome and DNA should be addressed due to lack of information by manufacturers regarding the ingredients. This study was carried out to observe any toxicity effects of two commercial weight-loss supplements through Allium test and simple sequence repeat (SSR). Toxicity analysis was investigated through observation on mitotic cells of Allium cepa which includes mitotic index and chromosomes analyses at 24 and 48 hours of treatments. The genotoxic effects of brand X at 24 hours was identified by SSR based on different sizes of band (230 bp) compared to control (200 bp). At 48 hours, positive genotoxic effects were observed through chromosomes and DNA analyses. Meanwhile, brand Y showed genotoxic effect at 24 hours as suggested by both studies. Prolonged treatment at 48 hours proved the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of brand Y as supported by Allium test and SSR. This preliminary finding is beneficial for future study on toxicity effects of weight-loss supplements which will help to increase public awareness on the risks of consumption without consultation of nutritionist or physician.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Bernardes, P.M., Andrade-Vieira, L.F., Aragão, F.B. et al. Water Air Soil Pollut (2015) 226: 207. available online https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2462-y.

      [2] Chamini K. Hemachandra, Asoka Pathiratne,,Combination of physico-chemical analysis, Allium cepa test system and Oreochromis niloticus erythrocyte based comet assay/nuclear abnormalities tests for cyto-genotoxicity assessments of treated effluents discharged from textile industries, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 131,(2016), Pages 54-64,ISSN 0147-6513, available online https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.010.

      [3] Cooper, G.M. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates; 2000. The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9876/

      [4] Daniela Morais Leme, Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales, Allium cepa test in environmental monitoring: A review on its application,Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research,Volume 682, Issue 1, (2009), Pages 71-81, ISSN 1383-5742, available online https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2009.06.002.

      [5] Dilek Unal Ozakca, Hulya Silah, Genotoxicity effects of Flusilazole on the somatic cells of Allium cepa, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, Volume 107, Issue 1, (2013), Pages 38-43, ISSN 0048-3575, available online https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2013.05.001.

      [6] Eric Goujon, Chaima Sta, Aurélien Trivella, Pascale Goupil, Claire Richard, Gérard Ledoigt,Genotoxicity of sulcotrione pesticide and photoproducts on Allium cepa root meristem,Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology,Volume 113,(2014),Pages 47-54 ISSN 0048-3575, available online https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.06.002.

      [7] Etil Ariburnu, Mehmet Fazli Uludag, Huseyin Yalcinkaya, Erdem Yesilada, Comparative determination of sibutramine as an adulterant in natural slimming products by HPLC and HPTLC densitometry, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Volumes 64–65, (2012), Pages 77-81, ISSN 0731-7085, available online https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2012.02.004.

      [8] El-Ghany, M.N.A., Mohamed, F.I., El-Ashry, Z.M., & El-Rahman, H.M.A. Cytogenetic and Ultra Strctural Effects of Narcissus tazetta Extract on Root Meristem Cells of Vicia faba L. Agricultural Research 7(9), (2012). 414-427.

      [9] Firbas P, Amon T. Allium Chromosome Aberration Test for Evaluation Effect of Cleaning Municipal Water with Constructed Wetland (CW) in Sveti Tomaž, Slovenia. J Bioremed Biodegrad 4(4) (2013):189–193Fiskesjö, G., Allium test in front of video display units. Hereditas, Volumes 108 (1988) 239-242. available online https://doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00308.x

      [10] Grant, W.F. & Owen, E.T. Chromosome aberrations in Pisum for the study of environmental mutagens. Mutation Research, 410, (2001). 291-3017.

      [11] Goujon, E., Sta, C., Trivella, A., Goupil, P., Richard, C. & Ledoigt, G. Genotoxicity of sulcotrione pesticide and photoproducts on Allium cepa root meristem. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 113, (2014) 47-54.

      [12] Jakše J, Martin W, McCallum J, Havey MJ Single nucleotide polymorphisms, indels, and simple sequence repeats for onion cultivar identification. J Am Soc Hort Sci. Volume 130 (2005) pp.912–917

      [13] Khan, N., & Mukhtar, HCancer and metastasis: prevention and treatment by green tea. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 29(3), (2010). 435-445.

      [14] Kumar, V.L. & Singhal, A. Germinating seeds of mung bean, Vigna radiata (Fabaceae), as a model for the preliminary evaluation of cytotoxic effects of drugs. Biocell, 33 (1), (2009). 19-24.

      [15] Li Oon Chuah, Swee Keong Yeap, Wan Yong Ho, Boon Kee Beh, and Noorjahan Banu Alitheen, “In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity of Garcinia or Hydroxycitric Acid: A Review,†Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2012, (2012). Article ID 197920, 12 pages, available online https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/197920.

      [16] Mallor, M.S. Arnedo-Andrés, A. Garcés-Claver,Assessing the genetic diversity of Spanish Allium cepa landraces for onion breeding using microsatellite markers, Scientia Horticulturae,Volume 170, (2014), Pages 24-31,ISSN 0304-4238,available online McGill, M., Pathak, S., & Hsu, T. C. Effects of ethidium bromide on mitosis and chromosomes: a possible material basis for chromosome stickiness. Chromosoma, 47(2), (1974). 157-166.

      [17] Mesi, A. D., & Kopliku, D. (2014). Toxic potency evaluation of metal-dope driver water (Cr, Cu and Pb), on Allium cepa L. an Albanian case. Athens Journal of Sciences, 1(4), 255-267

      [18] Mitrová, K; Svoboda, P; Ovesná, J. The Selection And Validation Of A Marker Set For The Differentiation Of Onion Cultivars From The Czech Republic. Czech Journal Of Genetics & Plant Breeding. Volumes 51, (2015), pp 62-67, 2015. Issn: 12121975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.02.040.

      [19] Ngozi, E. Mutagenecity testing of phamarceutical effluents on Allium cepa root tip meristems. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 3(2), (2011). 44-51.

      [20] Pandey, H., Kumar, V. & Roy, B.K. Assessment of genotoxicity of some food preservatives using Allium cepa L. as a test plant. Toxicology Reports, 1, (2014). 300-308.

      [21] Park Y-J, Lee JK, Kim N-S. Simple Sequence Repeat Polymorphisms (SSRPs) for Evaluation of Molecular Diversity and Germplasm Classification of Minor Crops. Molecules. Volumes 14(11), (2009) pp. 4546-4569. available online https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14114546.

      [22] Phillips D.H., Arlt V.M. Genotoxicity: damage to DNA and its consequences. In: Luch A. (eds) Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. Experientia Supplementum, Volumes 99. (2009), pp 87-110 Birkhäuser Basel available online https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8336-7_4

      [23] Shetty, A., Venkatesh, T., Suresh, P. S., & Tsutsumi, R. Exploration of acute genotoxic effects and antigenotoxic potential of gambogic acid using Allium cepa assay. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 118, (2017). 643-652.

      [24] Venhuis, Bastiaan & E. Zwaagstra, M & D. J. van den Berg, J & W. G. Wagenaar, H & Riel, Antoinette & M. Barends, D. (2008). Trends in drug substances detected in illegal weight-loss medicines and dietary supplements. RIVM Report 370030002.

      [25] Vincent, J.B. The Potential Value and Toxicity of Chromium Picolinate as a Nutritional Supplement, Weight Loss Agent and Muscle Development Agent. Sports Medicine Volumes 33(3) (2003) pp 213-230, available online https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333030-00004

      [26] William F Grant, Higher plant assays for the detection of chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations—a brief historical background on their use for screening and monitoring environmental chemicals, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, Volume 426, Issue 2, (1999),Pages 107-112,ISSN 0027-5107, available online https://doi.org/10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00050-0.

      [27] Yen, M. & Ewald, M.B. Toxicity of Weight Loss Agents. J. Med. Toxicol. Volume 8, Issue 2, (2012) pp 145–152 available online https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-012-0213-7
  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Mohamed Yunus, N., W Z Ahmad, L., Mahadi, I., & F Yahaya, M. (2019). Toxicity Analysis on Weight-Loss Supplement using Allium Test and Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR). International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.14), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.14.27469