Earthquake and wind load effects on existing RC minarets in north Cyprus

  • Authors

    • Rifat ReÅŸatoÄŸlu
    • Tunç Mirata
    • Louay Karaker
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.21543
  • Minarets are tall and slender structures and are vulnerable to fail or get damaged under lateral loads. In recent years, the number of rein-forced concrete (RC) minarets in North Cyprus has increased significantly. Owing absence of structural code about how to design minarets, forced us to revise our knowledge about these structures. Door openings, geometry changes in the cross-sectional size and additional mass at balconies are one of the most frequently encountered problems in these unique structures. The main purpose is to make a comparison and discuss the results of wind and earthquake analysis of selected RC minarets according to ACI307-98, TEC2007 and TS498, in order to clarify weaknesses and critical points. For this reason four RC minarets of different heights which exist in North Cyprus have been mod-elled by using SAP2000, v19.0 package program. Two types of analysis adopted; static wind analysis and dynamic earthquake response spectrum analysis. The major findings of this study indicate that the dynamic elastic response spectrum analysis according to ACI307-98 is forming the major lateral design load for the RC minarets and an additional concern should be given for the crucial points in order to pre-serve ductility of these structures.

  • References

    1. [1] Sezen, H., Acar, R., DoÄŸangün, A. and LivaoÄŸlu R., “Dynamic Analysis and Seismic Performance of RC Minaretsâ€, Eng. Struct. Vol-30, No-8, pp 2253-2264, 2008.

      [2] Karaca Zeki and Erdem Türkeli, “The Slenderness Effect on Wind Response of Industrial Reinforced Concrete Chimneysâ€, Wind and Structures, Vol-18, No-3, pp 281-294, 2014.

      [3] Türkeli Erdem, “Determination and Comparison of Wind and Earthquake Responses of Reinforced Concrete Minaretsâ€, Arab J Sci. Eng., Vol-39, No-5, pp 3665-3680, 2014.

      [4] LivaoÄŸlu, Ramazan., Mehmet .L, Mehmet B., Adem D. and Cavit S., “Effect of Geometric Properties on Dynamic Behavior of Historic Masonry Minaretâ€, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol-20, No-6, pp 2392-2402, 2016.

      [5] Ali U. and Fatih K., “Evaluation of Masonry Minarets Collapsed by a Strong Wind under Uncertaintyâ€, Natural Hazards, Vol-76, No-2, pp 999-1018, 2014.

      [6] Karaca, Zeki and Erdem Türkeli, “Determination and Comparison of Wind Loads for Industrial Reinforced Concrete Chimneysâ€, Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build., Vol-21, No-2, pp 133-154, and 2012.

      [7] Reddy, K.R.C., O. R., Jaiswal and P. N., Godbole, “Wind and Earthquake Analysis of Tall RC Chimneysâ€, International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering ISSN, Vol-04, No-06, pp 508-511, 2011.

      [8] Reddy, B. Siva Konda, V., Rohini, Padmavathi and Ch., Srikanth, “Study of Wind Load Effects on Tall RC Chimneysâ€, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology, Vol-03, No-02, pp 0976-3945, 2012.

      [9] Sioutas, Michalis, Robert D., Silas M., Maria C. and Ric R., “Meteorological Conditions Contributing to the Development of Severe Tornadoes in Southern Cyprusâ€, Weather, Vol-61, No-1, pp 10-16, 2006.

      [10] Zachariadis, Theodoros, “Climate Change in Cyprus: Impacts and Adaptation Policiesâ€, Cyprus Economic Policy Review, Vol-6, No-1, pp 21-37, 2012.

      [11] Wilson, E.L., (1997), SAP2000 Integrated Finite Element Analysis and Design of Structures, Computer and Structures Inc., USA

      [12] Taranath, B. S., Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings; Structural Analysis and Design, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc. Los Angeles, California, USA, 2004.

      [13] Eser Ç., Carlos S. O., Jose V. L.,Özden S., Serkan G.and Esra Z., “Earthquake Behavior of Historical Minarets in Istanbulâ€, 4th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Kos Island, Greece, June, 2013.

      [14] DoÄŸangün, Adem, Ö. Ä°skender, Tuluk, Ramazan, LivaoÄŸlu and Ramazan, Acar. “Traditional Turkish Minarets on the Basis of Architectural and Engineering Conceptsâ€, first International Conferenceon Restoration of HeritageMasonry Structures, Cairo, Egypt, April 2006.

      [15] Patidara, B., A. R., Patilb, K., Thielec and S., Mandal, “Across-Wind Loading for Structures: an Overviewâ€, seventh National Conference on Wind Engineering (NCWE 2014), Thapar University Patiala, India, November 2014.

      [16] Lubkowski, Z.A. and B. Aluisi, “Deriving SS and S1 Parameters from PGA Mapsâ€, 15th World Conference of Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, August 2012.

      [17] Abdullahi, Shamsuddeen, (2014), “Structural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Minaret under Wind Effect Using SAP2000 V.15â€, M.Sc. Thesis, Near East University, Nicosia.

      [18] HacıefendioÄŸlu Kemal, Emre Alpaslan, Gökhan Demir, Burcu Dinç & Fahri Birinci, (2018). Experimental modal investigation of scaled minaret embedded in different soil types. GRAÄEVINAR, 70(3), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.14256/JCE.1855.2016.

      [19] Turkish standard, TS498, (1997), The Calculation Values of Loads Used in Designing Structural Elements, Turkish Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey.

      [20] Turkish Earthquake Code, TEC,(2007), Specification for Buildings to be Built in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey.

      [21] ACI 307-98, (1998), Design and construction of RC chimneys, American Concrete Institute; Farmington Hills, MI, USA.

      [22] ASCE 7–95, (1996), Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, USA.

      [23] EMDAT, (2009), International Disaster Database, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters – CRED, Belgium. http://www.emdat.be/.

      [24] CUMHURIYET, (2015), http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr.

      Cyprus geological heritage educational tool, (2004), Historical records and instrumental recordings of earthquakes for Cyprus
  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    ReÅŸatoÄŸlu, R., Mirata, T., & Karaker, L. (2018). Earthquake and wind load effects on existing RC minarets in north Cyprus. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 3074-3085. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.21543