Comparative phytotoxicity of Azolla pinnata and Lemna minor in Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent

  • Authors

    • Azlin Binti Abd Kadir Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
    • Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
    • Hassimi Abu Hasan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
    2018-09-24
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.12287
  • Azolla Pinnata, Lemna Minor, Phytotoxicity, Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME,

  • The phytotoxicity of Azolla pinnata and Lemna minor was assessed when exposed To Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for their survival and growth tolerance in a 5-day exposure conducted in an open laboratory at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. A total of 34 100 mL-containers were used, with three replicates for each concentration, including plant less control and plant control. 50 mL of treated POME in different concentrations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25%) was filled in each container and exposed to 3 g Azolla pinnata or Lemna minor with observation conducted daily. After two days of exposure, 40% of A. pinnata died in 100% concentration and almost 100% died after 5 days of exposure for all concentrations. On L. minor, only 5% mortality was observed for 100% concentration on the fourth day and remained healthy until the end of five days. At the end of 5-day phytotoxicity exposure, the highest removals were 63.0%, 70.5%, 51.0%, 65.4% and 53.8% respectively for COD, BOD, Ammonia, Phosphate And Nitrates by A. pinnata, while the maximum removals recorded by L. minor were 61.0%, 54.0%, 9.8%, 61.4% and 31.6% respectively, giving evidence that A. pinnata is more effective in removing pollutants than L. minor although its survival in the treated POME is lesser than L. minor.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Utusan Melayu (Malaysia) Berhad, Utusan Online 2016. http://m.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/malaysia-kekal-pengeluar-utama-minyak-sawit-dunia-1.394220 (13 Oct 2016).

      [2] Malaysian National News Agency (, BERNAMA) http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v8/bm/bu/newsbusiness.php?id=1319847 (14 January 2017).

      [3] DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS MALAYSIA (DOSM) 2016. https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/pdfPrev&id=T2Z3NkhLSFk2VjZ5dkdUL1JQUGs4dz09 (30 Disember 2016).

      [4] Ahmad, A.L., Ismail, S. and Bhatia, S., 2003. Water recycling from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using membrane technology. Desalination, 157(1-3), pp.87-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00387-4.

      [5] Aziz M.A, H. Haris, Faten Ahada M.A., 2015. Treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using membrane bioreactor. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 19(3), pp.463-471.

      [6] Mohammed, R.R. and Chong, M.F., 2014. Treatment and decolorization of biologically treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) using banana peel as novel biosorbent. Journal of Environmental Management, 132, pp. 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.031.

      [7] Nwuche, C.O., Aoyagi, H. and Ogbonna, J.C., 2014. Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by a Microbial Consortium Developed from Compost Soils. International scholarly research notices,. Vol 2014, pp. 8.

      [8] Erakhrumen, Andrew, A., 2007. Phytoremediation: an environmentally sound technology for pollution prevention, control and remediation in developing countries. Educational Research and Reviews, 2(7), pp. 151-156.

      [9] Titah, H.S., Abdullah, S.R.S., Mushrifah, I., Anuar, N., Basri, H. and Mukhlisin, M., 2013. Effect of applying rhizobacteria and fertilizer on the growth of Ludwigia octovalvis for arsenic uptake and accumulation in phytoremediation. Ecological Engineering, 58, pp.303-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.018.

      [10] Tangahu, B.V., Abdullah, S.R.S., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N. and Mukhlisin, M., 2013. Phytoremediation of wastewater containing lead (Pb) in pilot reed bed using Scirpus grossus. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 15(7), pp. 663-676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2012.723069.

      [11] Iatrou, E.I., Stasinakis, A.S. and Aloupi, M., 2015. Cultivating duckweed Lemna minor in urine and treated domestic wastewater for simultaneous biomass production and removal of nutrients and antimicrobials. Ecological Engineering, 84, pp.632-639 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.09.071.

      [12] Filbin, G.J. and Hough, R.A., 1985. Photosynthesis, photorespiration, and productivity in Lemna minor L. Limnology and oceanography, 30(2), pp.322-334. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1985.30.2.0322.

      [13] Bañuelos, G.S., Vickerman, D.B., Trumble, J.T., Shannon, M.C., Davis, C.D., Finley, J.W. and Mayland, H.F., 2002. Biotransfer possibilities of selenium from plants used in phytoremediation. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 4(4), pp.315-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510208500090.

      [14] Siti Kamariah M. S. and Nastaein.Q., 2017. Phytoremediation Potential of Palm Oil Mill Effluent by Constructed Wetland Treatment. Engineering Heritage Journal, 1(1), pp.49-54. https://doi.org/10.26480/gwk.01.2017.49.54.

      [15] Hadiyanto, M.C., Soetrisnanto, D. and Christwardhana, M., 2013. Phytoremediations of palm oil mill effluent (POME) by using aquatic plants and microalgae for biomass production. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 6(2), pp. 79-90. https://doi.org/10.3923/jest.2013.79.90.

      [16] Darajeh, N., Idris, A., Truong, P., Abdul Aziz, A., Abu Bakar, R. and Che Man, H., 2014. Phytoremediation potential of vetiver system technology for improving the quality of palm oil mill effluent. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014, pp.10.

      [17] Hadiyanto, H., Soetrisnanto, D. and Christwardhana, M., 2014. Phytoremediation of palm oil mill effluent using pistia stratiotes plant and algae spirulina sp for biomass production. International Journal of Engineering-Transactions C: Aspects, 27(12), pp. 1809-1814.

      [18] Hamzah, M.F., 2014. Phytoremediation of Palm Oil Mill Final Discharge Wastewater Using Selected Aquatic Macrophytes (Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris).

      [19] Chukwunonso, O.I., Fauziah, S.H. and Redzwan, G., 2014. The Utilization of Water Hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes) as Aquatic Macrophage Treatment System (AMATS) in Phytoremediation for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 13, pp. 31-47.

      [20] Akinbile, C.O., Ogunrinde, T.A., Che bt Man, H. and Aziz, H.A., 2016. Phytoremediation of domestic wastewaters in free water surface constructed wetlands using Azolla pinnata. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 18(1), pp.54-61 https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2015.1058330.

      [21] Rai, P.K., 2008. Phytoremediation of Hg and Cd from industrial effluents using an aquatic free floating macrophyte Azolla pinnata. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10(5), pp. 430-439 https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510802100606.

      [22] Forni, C., Chen, J., Tancioni, L. and Caiola, M.G., 2001a. Evaluation of the fern Azolla for growth, nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater. Water Research, 35(6), pp.1592-1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00396-1.

      [23] Shammout, M.A.W., Oran, S. and Fayyad, M., 2008. The application of duckweed (Lemna sp.) in wastewater treatment in Jordan. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 33(1), pp. 110-120. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEP.2008.018472.

      [24] Haustetn, A., Gilman, R.H., Skillicorn, P.W., Vergara, V., Guevara, V. and Gastanaduy, A., 1990. Duckweed, a useful strategy for feeding chickens: performance of layers fed with sewage-grown Lemnacea species. Poultry Science, 69(11), pp.1835-1844 https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0691835.

      [25] Hammer, D.A. ed., 1989. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: municipal, industrial and agricultural. CRC Press.

      [26] Oron, G. and Willers, H., 1988. Effect of wastes quality on treatment efficiency with duckweed. In Water Pollution Research and Control Brighton (pp. 639-645) https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-8439-2.50065-1.

      [27] Leterme, P., Londoño, A.M., Ordoñez, D.C., Rosales, A., Estrada, F., Bindelle, J. and Buldgen, A., 2010. Nutritional value and intake of aquatic ferns (Azolla filiculoides Lam. and Salvinia molesta Mitchell.) in sows. Animal feed science and technology, 155(1), pp.55-64 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.10.002.

      [28] Chaudhary, E. and Sharma, P., 2014. Use of Duckweed in Wastewater Treatment. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3(6), pp.13622-13624

      [29] Cedergreen, N. and Madsen, T.V., 2002. Nitrogen uptake by the floating macrophyte Lemna minor. New Phytologist, 155(2), pp.285-292. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00463.x.

      [30] Alaerts, G.J., Mahbubar, R. and Kelderman, P., 1996. Performance analysis of a full-scale duckweed-covered sewage lagoon. Water Research, 30(4), pp.843-852 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(95)00234-0.

      [31] Vermaat, J.E. and Hanif, M.K., 1998. Performance of common duckweed species (Lemnaceae) and the waterfern Azolla filiculoides on different types of waste water. Water Research, 32(9), pp. 2569-2576 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00037-2.

      [32] Haarstad, K., Bavor, H.J. and Mæhlum, T., 2011. Organic and metallic pollutants in water treatment and natural wetlands: a review. Water Science and Technology, 65(1), pp.76-99 https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.831.

      [33] Wagner, G.M., 1997. Azolla: a review of its biology and utilization. The Botanical Review, 63(1), pp. 1-26 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02857915.

      [34] Pabby A, Prasanna R, Singh PK., 2003. Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis from traditional agricultural to biotechnology. Indian Journal Of Biotechnology. Vol 2, pp. 26-37.

      [35] Shi, D.J. and Hall, D.O., 1988. TheAzolla-Anabaena association: Historical perspective, symbiosis and energy metabolism. The Botanical Review, 54(4), pp. 353-386 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02858416.

      [36] Peters, G.A. and Meeks, J.C., 1989. The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis: basic biology. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 40(1), pp. 193-210. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.001205.

      [37] De Macale, M.A.R. and Vlek, P.L., 2004. The role of Azolla cover in improving the nitrogen use efficiency of lowland rice. Plant and Soil, 263(1), pp.311-321 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PLSO.0000047742.67467.50.

      [38] Singh, B., Meena, G.S., Meena, K.C., Meena, R.K., Singh, B. and Indoria, D., 2017. Effect of a Wonder Herb Azolla on Buffaloes Milk Yield. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(11), pp. 1059-1066 https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.124.

      [39] Senthilkumar, S. and Manivannan, C., 2016. Adoption of Azolla Cultivation Technology in the Farmers' Field: An Analysis. International journal of science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 5, pp. 3081-3087.

      [40] Saha, P., Banerjee, A. and Sarkar, S., 2015. Phytoremediation potential of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on steel wastewater. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 17(6), pp.589-596. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2014.950410.

      [41] Mohammed, R.R., Ketabchi, M.R. and McKay, G., 2014. Combined magnetic field and adsorption process for treatment of biologically treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). Chemical Engineering Journal, 243, pp. 31-42 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.084.

      [42] Liu, C., Dai, Z. and Sun, H., 2017. Potential of duckweed (Lemna minor) for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from water under salt stress. Journal of Environmental Management, 187, pp.497-503 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.006.

      [43] Singh, V.K. and Singh, J., 2006. Toxicity of industrial wastewater to the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. Journal of Environmental Biology, 37(2), pp. 385-390.

      [44] Cedergreen, N. and Madsen, T.V., 2004. Light regulation of root and leaf NO3− uptake and reduction in the floating macrophyte Lemna minor. New Phytologist, 161(2), pp.449-457. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00936.x.

      [45] Ziegler, P., Sree, K.S. and Appenroth, K.J., 2016. Duckweeds for water remediation and toxicity testing. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 98(10), pp. 1127-1154. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2015.1094701.

      [46] Appenroth, K.J., Krech, K., Keresztes, A., Fischer, W. and Koloczek, H., 2010. Effects of nickel on the chloroplasts of the duckweeds Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna minor and their possible use in biomonitoring and phytoremediation. Chemosphere, 78(3), pp.216-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.007.

      [47] Ben-shalom, M., Shandalov, S., Brenner, A. and Oron, G., 2014. The effect of aeration and effluent recycling on domestic wastewater treatment in a pilot-plant system of duckweed ponds. Water Science and Technology, 69(2), pp. 350-357. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.720.

      [48] Muradov, N., Taha, M., Miranda, A.F., Kadali, K., Gujar, A., Rochfort, S., Stevenson, T., Ball, A.S. and Mouradov, A., 2014. Dual application of duckweed and azolla plants for wastewater treatment and renewable fuels and petrochemicals production. Biotechnology for biofuels, 7(1), pp. 30 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-7-30.

      [49] Bhuvaneshwari, K. and Singh, P.K., 2015. Response of nitrogen-fixing water fern Azolla biofertilization to rice crop. 3 Biotech, 5(4), pp.523-529.

      [50] Kamyab, H., Chelliapan, S., Din, M.F.M., Shahbazian-Yassar, R., Rezania, S., Khademi, T., Kumar, A. and Azimi, M., 2017. Evaluation of Lemna minor and Chlamydomonas to treat palm oil mill effluent and fertilizer production. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 17, pp. 229-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.04.007.

      [51] Ozengin, N. and Elmaci, A., 2007. Performance of Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on different types of wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2), pp. 307-314.

      [52] Al-Baldawi, I.A., Abdullah, S.R.S., Suja, F., Anuar, N. and Idris, M., 2012, May. Preliminary test of hydrocarbon exposure on Azolla pinnata in phytoremediation process. In International conference on environment, Energy and biotechnology IPCBEE (Vol. 33, pp. 244-247).

      [53] Forni, C., Nicolai, M.A. and D'Egidio, M.G., 2001b. Potential Of The Small Aquatic Plans Azolla And Lemna For Nitrogenous Compounds Removal From Wastewater. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 49. pp. 1743-3541.

      [54] El-Shafai, S.A., El-Gohary, F.A., Nasr, F.A., Van Der Steen, N.P. and Gijzen, H.J., 2007. Nutrient recovery from domestic wastewater using a UASB-duckweed ponds system. Bioresource Technology, 98(4), pp.798-807 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.03.011.

      [55] Cheng, J., Landesman, L., Bergmann, B.A., Classen, J.J., Howard, J.W. and Yamamoto, Y.T., 2002. Nutrient removal from swine lagoon liquid by Lemna minor 8627. Transactions of the ASAE, 45(4), p.1003 https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.9953.

      [56] Landolt, E. and Kandeler, R., 1987. Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae)(vol. 4). The family of Lemnaceae-a monographic study, 2, pp.211-34.

      [57] Perniel, M., Ruan, R. and Martinez, B., 1998. Nutrient removal from a stormwater detention pond using duckweed. Applied engineering in agriculture, 14(6), pp. 605-609 https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.19429.

      [58] Sooknah, R.D. and Wilkie, A.C., 2004. Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophytes cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater. Ecological Engineering, 22(1), pp. 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2004.01.004.

      [59] Priya, A., Avishek, K. and Pathak, G., 2012. Assessing the potentials of Lemna minor in the treatment of domestic wastewater at pilot scale. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184(7), pp. 4301-4307 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2265-6.

      [60] Azeez, N.M. and Sabbar, A.A., 2012. Efficiency Of Duckweed (Lemna Minor L.) In Phytotreatment Of Wastewater Pollutants From Basrah Oil Refinery. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): 163-172.

      [61] Taylor, D.J., Green, N.P.O. and Stout, G.W., (1997). Biological Sciences, R. Soper. University Press.

      [62] Jangwattana, R. and Iwai, C.B., 2010. Using Azolla pinnata for wastewater treatment from poultry farm. International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, 1(2), pp.23-27.

      [63] Rizwana, M., Darshan, M. and Nilesh, D., 2014. Phytoremediation of textile waste water using potential wetland plant: eco sustainable approach. International journal of interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies (IJIMS), 1(4), pp. 130-138.

      [64] Pandey, M., 2001. Duckweed based wastewater treatment. Invention Intelligence.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Binti Abd Kadir, A., Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, S., & Abu Hasan, H. (2018). Comparative phytotoxicity of Azolla pinnata and Lemna minor in Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4), 2499-2505. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.12287