The land â€â€of SUSHEN – an early proto-state entity in the far east

  • Authors

    • V yacheslav G. Shvedov
    • Elena V. Stelmah
    • Andrey B. Golub
    • Tatyana A. Merdeeva
    • Olesya Ya. Dubey
    • Sergey V. Nikolaev
    2018-04-15
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.13.11623
  • Archaeological Cultures, the Sushen, Tribal Union, Ancient China, Ancient Korea.

  • The region of the Amur River basin and Maritime Territory (Primorye), located within the Russian Federation and the Chinese Peoples Republic, still waits to be deeply explored in order to create a coherent picture of its early historical development. This article is dedicated to the reconstruction of processes related to the establishment by the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC and further existence of the union of tribes that lived on this territory, known as the Land of Sushen. We have identified its historical location. We have also compiled a description of the socio-economic and political environment of the Sushen tribes, examined specific characteristics of their ethnic composition and internal organizational structure and have given an assessment of their military capacity and capabilities. On the basis of a consolidated comparison of archaeological data and historical documents, we have analysed the territorial interests of the tribes of the Land of Sushen and their relationships with neighbours in the surrounding geographic areas. We have also disclosed the nature of their relations with ancient China and ancient Korea and explained their specific character. We have reconstructed the causes for the military defeat suffered by the Sushen from Central Asian nomads and its consequences. We have determined their subsequent ethnic heritage in the Amur region and Primorye.

     

     

  • References

    1. [1] Andreeva Zh.V. Primor'e v jepohu pervobytnoobshhinnogo stroja (Primorye in the Era of Primitive Communism). Moscow: Nauka, 1977, 240 p.

      [2] Saushkin Yu.G. Jekonomicheskaja geografija: istorija, teorija, metody, praktika (Economic Geography: History, Theory, Methods and Practice). Moscow: Mysl, 1973, 559 p.

      [3] Nefyodov S.A. Istorija Podnebesnoj (The History of Tianxia). Yekaterinburg: Ural State University Publ., 1992, 168 p.

      [4] Shan Yue. Ocherki istorii Kitaja (Essays on the History of China). Moscow: IVL, 1959, 579 p.

      [5] Wu Chuanjun, Kuo Lai-hsi, Hsieh Hsiang-fang. Jekonomicheskaja geografija kitajskogo Priamur'ja (Economic Geography of the Chinese Amur Region). Moscow: GIGL, 1960, 128 p.

      [6] Shavkunov E.V. Gosudarstvo Bohaj i pamjatniki ego kul'tury v Primor'e (The State of Balhae and its Cultural Monuments in Primorye). Leningrad: Nauka, 1968, 168 p.

      [7] Andreeva Zh.V., Zhuschikhovskaya I.S., Kononenko N.A. Jankovskaja kul'tura (The Jankowski Culture). Moscow: Nauka, 1986, 215 p.

      [8] Vorobyov M.V. Kul'tura chzhurchzhjenej i gosudarstva Czin (The Jurchen Culture and the State of Jin). Moscow: Nauka, 1983, 367 p.

      [9] Garkovik A.V. Formirovanie istochnikovoj bazy (Formation of the Source Base). Ocherki pervobytnoj arheologii Dal'nego Vostoka (Essays on Prehistoric Archaeology of the Far East). Ed. by Zh.V. Andreeva. Moscow: Nauka, 1994, pp. 16-24.

      [10] Smolyak A.V. Tradicionnoe hozjajstvo i material'naja kul'tura narodov Nizhnego Amura i Sahalina (Traditional Economy and Material Culture of the Peoples of the Lower Amur and Sakhalin). Moscow: Nauka, 1984, 246 p.

      [11] Sternberg L.Ya. Giljaki, orochi, gol'dy, negidal'cy, ajny (Gilyaks, Oroks, Golds, Negidals and Ainu). Khabarovsk: Dalgiz, 1933, 740 p.

      [12] Istorija Kitaja (The History of China). Ed. by A.V. Meliksetov. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 2002, 736 p.

      [13] Kljuev N.A. Arheologija pervobytnogo obshhestva Primor'ja i Priamur'ja (Archaeology of the Primitive Society of Primorye and the Amur Region). Ocherki pervobytnoj arheologii Dal'nego Vostoka (Essays on Prehistoric Archaeology of the Far East). Ed. by Zh.V. Andreeva. Moscow: Nauka, 1994, pp. 55-85.

      [14] Gontmaher P.Ya. Nanajcy (The Nanai People). Khabarovsk: Khabarovsk State Pedagogical University Publ., 1996, 297 p.

      [15] Arsenyev V.K. Izbrannoe (The Selected Works). Vol. I. Khabarovsk: KhKI, 1997, 654 p.

      [16] Toynbee A. A Study of History. In Russian. Moscow: Progress, 1991 736 p.

      [17] Larichev V.E. Narody Dal'nego Vostoka v drevnosti i Srednie veka i ih rol' v kul'turnoj i politicheskoj istorii Vostochnoj Azii (The Peoples of the Far East in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and Their Role in the Cultural and Political History of East Asia). Dal'nij Vostok i sosednie territorii v Srednie veka (The Far East and Neighbouring Territories in the Middle Ages). Ed. by V.E. Larichev. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1980, pp. 8-39.

      [18] Okladnikov A.P. Daljokoe proshloe Primor'ja (The Remote Past of Primorye). Vladivostok: PKI, 1959, 292 p.

      [19] Kuchera S. Kitajskaja arheologija (Chinese Archaeology). Moscow: Nauka, 1977, 268 p.

      [20] Derevyanko E.I. Plemena Priamur'ja. Pervoe tysjacheletie nashej jery (Tribes of the Amur River Region: 1st Millennium AD). Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981, 333 p.

      [21] Bichurin N.Ya. Sobranie svedenij o narodah, obitavshih v Srednej Azii v drevnie vremena (Collection of Information about Peoples that Lived in Central Asia in Ancient Times). Vol. II. Moscow/Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1950, 333 p.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    yacheslav G. Shvedov, V., V. Stelmah, E., B. Golub, A., A. Merdeeva, T., Ya. Dubey, O., & V. Nikolaev, S. (2018). The land ‏‏of SUSHEN – an early proto-state entity in the far east. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.13), 117-121. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.13.11623