Mental Health Issues and Well-being: A Focus on WorkLife Balance and ‎Psychological Resilience among The Police force

  • Authors

    • Sreedisha A. K Faculty of Management, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, ‎ Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India - 603203 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8116-0692
    • A Celina Faculty of Management, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India, 603203
    https://doi.org/10.14419/t9epq605

    Received date: November 6, 2025

    Accepted date: December 12, 2025

    Published date: December 19, 2025

  • Mental Health Issues; Police; Psychological Resilience; Wellbeing; Work-Life Balance
  • Abstract

    Purpose: Police personnel's general well-being is impacted by mental health concerns, which ‎are becoming increasingly prevalent. The rising rate of mental illness among police personnel is ‎a major public health problem. Compared to the general public, police officers are more likely to ‎experience mental health problems. With an emphasis on the mediating functions of ‎psychological resilience and work-life balance, this study attempts to investigate the relationship ‎between police officers' mental health and their general well-being. ‎

    Methodology: Snowball sampling was used to approach Indian police personnel to gather data ‎for this study using a cross-sectional research methodology. In total, 325 Indian police officers ‎finished the survey and had their answers included in the research. Smart PLS 3 was utilized to ‎do structural equation modelling analysis on the data. ‎

    Findings: The findings show that mental health conditions like stress, anxiety, and depression ‎have a substantial negative impact on police officers' general well-being. According to the ‎findings, departments must have thorough mental health support programs and ‎policies that promote flexible work arrangements and a supportive work environment. ‎

    Practical implications: Police departments may develop a more resilient and healthier ‎workforce by addressing mental health concerns and encouraging work-life balance. Ultimately, ‎this can enhance public safety and community relations by resulting in reduced turnover rates, ‎improved job performance, and increased job satisfaction. ‎

    Originality/ value: Because police officers suffer particular psychological difficulties because ‎of the nature of their profession, this study offers novel insights into this field‎.

  • References

    1. Aaskoven, M. S., Kjær, T., & Gyrd-Hansen, D. (2024). ‘Subjective well-being and chronic illnesses: A combined survey and register study’, Interna-tional Journal of Wellbeing, 14(1), pp. 1–20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v14i1.2443.
    2. Ahad, A. A., Sanchez-Gonzalez, M., & Junquera, P. (2023) ‘Understanding and Addressing Mental Health Stigma Across Cultures for Improving Psychiatric Care: A Narrative Review’, Curēus. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.39549.
    3. Angehrn, A., Jourdan-Ionescu, C., & Gamache, D. (2023) ‘Resilience among police officers: the role of personality functioning and protective fac-tors’, Policing, 46(3), pp. 567–582. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-02-2023-0025.
    4. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job Demands–Resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psy-chology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056.
    5. Bari, D., & Róbert, P. (2016, September 29). ‘Who Benefits More from a Balanced life? Gender Differences in Work-life Balance and Satisfaction with Life in Eight Post-communist Countries’, Intersections, 2(3). Available at: https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v2i3.195.
    6. Barton, C., Dunlop, P., McCabe, G., Busija, L., & O’Neil, A. (2024). Organisation-wide psychological flexibility and wellbeing outcomes. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 39(2), 145–160.
    7. Bartram, D. J., Yadegarfar, G., Sinclair, J. M., & Baldwin, D. S. (2011, March) ‘Validation of the Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) as an overall indicator of population mental health and well-being in the UK veterinary profession’, The Veterinary Journal, 187(3), pp. 397–398. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.010.
    8. Bello, N. B. G., Tula, N. S. T., Omotoye, N. G. B., Kess-Momoh, N. a. J., & Daraojimba, N. a. I. (2024) ‘Work-life balance and its impact in modern organizations: An HR review. World’, Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(1), pp. 1162–1173. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0106.
    9. Bhugra, D., Till, A., & Sartorius, N. (2013, January 24) ‘What is mental health?’, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 59(1), pp. 3–4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012463315.
    10. Borowiec, A. A., & Drygas, W. (2022, December 28) ‘Work–Life Balance and Mental and Physical Health among Warsaw Specialists, Managers and Entrepreneurs’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), pp. 492. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010492.
    11. Charlson, F., van Ommeren, M., Flaxman, A., Cornett, J., Whiteford, H., & Saxena, S. (2019, July) ‘New WHO prevalence estimates of mental dis-orders in conflict settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis’, The Lancet, 394(10194), pp. 240–248. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30934-1.
    12. Cheung, Y., & Li, J. C. (2023) ‘Predictors, Mediators and Moderators of Police Work-Related Stress: A Scoping Review’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), pp. 2253. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032253.
    13. Chitra, T., & Karunanidhi, S. (2018) ‘The Impact of Resilience Training on Occupational Stress, Resilience, Job Satisfaction, and Psychological Well-being of Female Police Officers’, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 36(1), pp. 8–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-018-9294-9.
    14. Chmitorz, A., Kunzler, A., Helmreich, I., Tüscher, O., Kalisch, R., Kubiak, T., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2018, February) ‘Intervention studies to foster resilience – A systematic review and proposal for a resilience framework in future intervention studies’, Clinical Psychology Review, 59, pp. 78–100. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.002.
    15. Choi, E., & Kim, J. (2017, December 13) ‘The association between work–life balance and health status among Korean workers’, Work, 58(4), pp. 509–517. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-172641.
    16. Clemente, M., & Padilla-Racero, D. (2020) ‘The effects of the justice system on mental health’, Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law, 27(5), pp. 865–879. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1751327.
    17. Cooper, C. L., & Cartwright, S. (2021). Mental health and productivity in the workplace: Economic implications for organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 28(4), 291–305.
    18. De Caux, B. C., & Shubina, I. (2023) ‘Initial findings of a longitudinal study of wellbeing and mental health among graduate students around the world: The intra-individual impact of a pandemic’, International Journal of Wellbeing, 13(3), pp. 48–63. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v13i3.2775.
    19. Demou, E., Hale, H., & Hunt, K. (2020, June 9) ‘Understanding the mental health and wellbeing needs of police officers and staff in Scotland’, Po-lice Practice and Research, 21(6), pp. 702–716. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2020.1772782.
    20. Ditchburn, G., & Koh, R. E. (2023) ‘Workplace pressure, employee stress, mental well-being and resilience in response to COVID-19 in Singapore’, Evidence-based HRM a Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBHRM-10-2022-0252.
    21. Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012, August 28) ‘The challenge of defining wellbeing’, International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), pp. 222–235. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4.
    22. Elliott, M., Smith, S. R., Pontin, D., & Wallace, C. (2022) ‘Conceptualising social wellbeing using an international Group Concept Mapping study’, International Journal of Wellbeing, 12(3), pp. 1–15. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v12i3.1669.
    23. Elufioye, N. O. A., Ndubuisi, N. N. L., Daraojimba, N. R. E., Awonuga, N. K. F., Ayanponle, N. L. O., & Asuzu, N. O. F. (2024) ‘Reviewing em-ployee well-being and mental health initiatives in contemporary HR Practices’, International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 11(1), pp. 828–840. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0153.
    24. Emsing, M., Padyab, M., Ghazinour, M., & Hurtig, A. K. (2022, February 3) ‘Trajectories of Mental Health Status Among Police Recruits in Swe-den’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.753800.
    25. Eurofound. (2016) ‘European Quality of Life Survey 2016 | European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions’. Ac-cessed: May 21, 2024. Available at: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/surveys/european-quality-life-surveys-eqls/european-quality-life-survey-2016.
    26. Foster, B. (2024, January 26) ‘How Police Officers Can Maintain a Healthy Work-Life Balance - TCS Upfitting. TCS Upfitting’. Available at: https://tcsupfitting.com/blog/how-police-officers-can-maintain-a-healthy-work-life-balance/.
    27. Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., & Sartorius, N. (2015, June) ‘Toward a new definition of mental health’, World Psychiatry, 14(2), pp. 231–233. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231.
    28. Gautam, S., Jain, A., Chaudhary, J., Gautam, M., Gaur, M., & Grover, S. (2024, January) ‘Concept of mental health and mental well-being, it’s de-terminants and coping strategies’, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(Suppl 2), pp. S231–S244. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_707_23 https://doi.org/10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_707_23.
    29. Grzywacz, J. G., & Carlson, D. S. (2007, November) ‘Conceptualizing Work—Family Balance: Implications for Practice and Research’, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 9(4), pp. 455–471. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422307305487.
    30. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014) ‘A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)’. Available at: http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB15179462.
    31. Hair, J. F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis : a global perspective. In Pearson eBooks. Available at: https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB03463866
    32. Hasan, A., & Alsulami, A. (2024) ‘Mediating Role of Resilience and its Impact on Psychological Well-Being, and Mental Distress among Mental health Nurses’, SAGE Open Nursing, 10. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231219140.
    33. Helmreich, I., Kunzler, A., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2017) ‘Psychological interventions for resilience enhancement in adults’, Cochrane Library. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012527.
    34. Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of Resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103–128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640.
    35. Hollaar, M. H. L., Kemmere, B., Kocken, P. L., & Denktaş, S. (2025). Resilience-based interventions in the public sector workplace: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 25, 350. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-21177-2.
    36. Holmes, L. (2023, April 13) ‘What Is Mental Health? Verywell Mind’. Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-mental-health-2330755#:~:text=Resilience,been%20referred%20to%20as%20resilience.
    37. Huang, Y., et al. (2023). Well-being among a sample of police officers in Ghana: Emotional intelligence, resilience and stress. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaf052.
    38. Janssens, K. M. E., van der Velden, P. G., Taris, R., & van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. (2018, November 6) ‘Resilience Among Police Officers: a Critical Systematic Review of Used Concepts, Measures, and Predictive Values of Resilience’, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 36(1), pp. 24–40. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-018-9298-5.
    39. Jin, M., Ding, L., Fan, J., Sheng, X., Luo, B., Hang, R., Feng, L., & Huang, L. (2022) ‘Moderating role of resilience between depression and stress response of vocational middle school students during the COVID-19 pandemic’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.904592.
    40. Kaiser, S., Ringlstetter, M. J., Eikhof, D. R., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2011, January 4) ‘Creating Balance? Springer Science & Business Media’. Available at: http://books.google.ie/books?id=3qZc3G-9AxoC&pg=PA27&dq=Introducing+Theoretical+Approaches+to+Work-Life+Balance+and+Testing+a+New+Typology+Among+Professionals&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api.
    41. Kalliath, T., & Brough, P. (2008, July) ‘Work–life balance: A review of the meaning of the balance construct’, Journal of Management & Organiza-tion, 14(3), pp. 323–327. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5172/jmo.837.14.3.323.
    42. Kandhakatla, R., Yarra, R., Pallepati, A., & Patra, S. (2018) ‘Depression- A common cold of mental disorders’, Alzheimer’s, Dementia & Cognitive Neurology, 2(2). Available at: https://doi.org/10.15761/ADCN.1000124.
    43. Keyes, C. L., and Lopez, S. J. (2002). ‘“Toward a science of mental health,” in Handbook of Positive Psychology’, eds C. R. Synder and S. J. Lopez (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 45–62.
    44. Kolluru, M., Krishnan, K., & Kolluru, S. K. (2021) ‘Post COVID-19 Work Strategies and Implications: Insight on Indian it Sector’, Economics, 9(2), pp. 49–72. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2021-0014.
    45. Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970) ‘Determining sample size for research activities’, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), pp. 607–610. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308.
    46. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984, March 15) ‘Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer Publishing Company’. Available at: http://books.google.ie/books?id=iySQQuUpr8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Stress,+appraisal,+and+coping&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api.
    47. Lovibond, P., & Lovibond, S. (1995) ‘The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), pp. 335–343. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U.
    48. Mccraty, R., & Atkinson, M. (2012, November) ‘Resilience Training Program Reduces Physiological and Psychological Stress in Police Officers’, Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 1(5), pp. 44–66. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.5.013.
    49. Moore. (2024, February 28) ‘Resilience Theory: A Summary of the Research (+PDF)’. PositivePsychology.com. (Accessed: 17 May 2024). Available at: https://positivepsychology.com/resilience-theory/.
    50. Moreno, A. F., Karanika-Murray, M., Batista, P., Hill, R., Vilalta, S. R., & Oliveira-Silva, P. (2024) ‘Resilience Training Programs with Police Forces: A Systematic Review’, Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 39(1), pp. 227–252. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-023-09633-y.
    51. Morris, J. (2024, March 26) ‘Maximizing time: A police officer’s step-by-step guide to a balanced life’, Police1. Available at: https://www.police1.com/wellness-week/maximizing-time-a-police-officers-step-by-step-guide-to-a-balanced-life.
    52. Mukit, M. M. H., Nabila, N. J., Abdel-Razzaq, A. I., & Shaznin, K. F. (2021) ‘The Economic Influence on Consumers Buying Behavior in Islamic Countries: Evidence from the COVID-19 Economic Crisis’, Economics, 9(1), pp. 179–203. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2021-0003.
    53. Oliver, H., Thomas, O., Neil, R., Moll, T., & Copeland, R. J. (2023). Stress and psychological wellbeing in British police officers and staff. Current Psychology, 42, 29291–29304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03903-4.
    54. Padhy, M., Ralte, L., Padiri, R. A., & Chelli, K. (2022, April 20) ‘Well-being of police personnel: Role of perceived social support and perceived con-trol of internal states’, The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 96(2), pp. 318–330. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X221085689.
    55. Peyton, K., Sierra-Arévalo, M., & Rand, D. G. (2019) ‘A field experiment on community policing and police legitimacy’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(40), pp. 19894–19898. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910157116.
    56. Queirós, C., Passos, F., Bártolo, A., Faria, S., Fonseca, S. M., Marques, A. J., Silva, C. F., & Pereira, A. (2020) ‘Job Stress, Burnout and Coping in Police Officers: Relationships and Psychometric Properties of the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire’, International Journal of Environmen-tal Research and Public Health, 17(18), pp. 6718. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186718.
    57. Ramón-Arbués, E., Gea-Caballero, V., Granada-López, J. M., Juárez-Vela, R., Pellicer-García, B., & Antón-Solanas, I. (2020, September 24) ‘The Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress and Their Associated Factors in College Students’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), pp. 7001. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197001.
    58. Ray, T. K., & Pana-Cryan, R. (2021b) ‘Work Flexibility and Work-Related Well-Being’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), pp. 3254. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063254.
    59. Resurreccion, N. M. (2024). Quality of Life and Resilience as Predictors of Mental Health among Police Officers. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VIII(VIII), 4598–4646. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8080353.
    60. Rohwer, E., Garrido, M. V., Herold, R., Preisser, A. M., Terschüren, C., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2022) ‘Police officers’ work–life balance, job satis-faction and quality of life: longitudinal effects after changing the shift schedule’, BMJ Open, 12(9), pp. e063302. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063302.
    61. S, S. D. (2024) ‘A conceptual framework for the work–life balance of police officers: a post-COVID-19 perspective’, Cogent Business & Manage-ment, 11(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2304429.
    62. Santini, Z. I., Ekholm, O., Koyanagi, A., Stewart-Brown, S., Meilstrup, C., Nielsen, L., Fusar-Poli, P., Koushede, V., & Thygesen, L. C. (2022) ‘Higher levels of mental wellbeing predict lower risk of common mental disorders in the Danish general population’, Mental Health & Prevention, 26, pp. 200233. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2022.200233.
    63. Santre, S. (2024) ‘Mental Disorders and Mental Health Promotion in Police Officers’, Health Psychology Research, 12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.93904.
    64. Saxena, S. (2016, September 26) ‘Challenges and opportunities in global mental health: a perspective from WHO’, Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 25(6), pp. 495–498. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016000536.
    65. Shagvaliyeva, S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2014) ‘Impact of Flexible Working Hours on Work-Life Balance’, American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 04(01), pp. 20–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4236/ajibm.2014.41004.
    66. Shamsuddin, K., Fadzil, F., Ismail, W. S. W., Shah, S. A., Omar, K., Muhammad, N. A., Jaffar, A., Ismail, A., & Mahadevan, R. (2013, August) ‘Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian university students’, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(4), pp. 318–323. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.01.014.
    67. Shatté, A., Perlman, A., Smith, B., & Lynch, W. D. (2017) ‘The Positive Effect of Resilience on Stress and Business Outcomes in Difficult Work En-vironments’, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59(2), pp. 135–140. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000914.
    68. Shrivastava, A., & Desousa, A. (2016) ‘Resilience: A psychobiological construct for psychiatric disorders’, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 58(1), pp. 38. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.174365.
    69. Sisto, A., Vicinanza, F., Campanozzi, L. L., Ricci, G., Tartaglini, D., & Tambone, V. (2019, November 16) ‘Towards a Transversal Definition of Psy-chological Resilience: A Literature Review’, Medicina, 55(11), pp. 745. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55110745.
    70. Smeltzer, S. C., Cantrell, M. A., Sharts-Hopko, N. C., Heverly, M. A., Jenkinson, A., & Nthenge, S. (2016b) ‘Psychometric Analysis of the Work/Life Balance Self-Assessment Scale’, Journal of Nursing Measurement, 24(1), pp. 5–14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.24.1.5.
    71. Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014, October 1) ‘Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives’, European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338.
    72. Srivastava, K. (2011) ‘Positive mental health and its relationship with resilience’, Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 20(2), pp. 75. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.102469.
    73. Stogner, J., Miller, B. L., & McLean, K. (2020, June 26) ‘Police Stress, Mental Health, and Resiliency during the COVID-19 Pandemic’, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(4), pp. 718–730. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09548-y.
    74. Sutton, J., & Austin, Z. (2015) ‘Qualitative research: data collection, analysis, and management’, Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 68(3). Available at: https://doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.v68i3.1456.
    75. Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007) ‘The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation’, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63.
    76. van Agteren, J., Iasiello, M., Lo, L., Bartholomaeus, J., Kopsaftis, Z., Carey, M., & Kyrios, M. (2021, April 19) ‘A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions to improve mental wellbeing’, Nature Human Behaviour, 5(5), pp. 631–652. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01093-w.
    77. Van Der Meer, C. a. I., Brake, H. T., Van Der Aa, N., Dashtgard, P., Bakker, A., & Olff, M. (2018) ‘Assessing Psychological Resilience: Develop-ment and Psychometric Properties of the English and Dutch Version of the Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES)’, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00169.
    78. van Steenbergen, E. F., & Ellemers, N. (2009, May 27) ‘Is managing the work–family interface worthwhile? Benefits for employee health and per-formance’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(5), pp. 617–642. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.569.
    79. Walton, A., Herman, J. J., & Rueppell, O. (2024, March 11) ‘Social life results in social stress protection: a novel concept to explain individual life‐history patterns in social insects’, Biological Reviews. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.13074.
    80. Warwick Medical School. (2021, November 11) ‘The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS)’. (Accessed: 21 May 2024). Availa-ble at: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/med/research/platform/wemwbs/.
    81. World Health Organization. (2023, March 31) ‘Depressive disorder (depression)’. (Accessed: 20 May 2024). Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw6auyBhDzARIsALIo6v-7EPJrO3RaWaRrSZieNPywu8kM520ypZ7k4lURRB6GDoGdFh21hgUaAuZOEALw_wcB.
    82. World Health Organization. (2022, June 17) ‘Mental health’. (Accessed: 16 May 2024). Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-re-sponse/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjw3ZayBhDRARIsAPWzx8rnihSAc2f0gQYqxAdF0xgNegU9xv4UKBefuCuO7VDFyO3uzS26em0aAiZzEALw_wcB.
    83. World Health Organization. (2004) ‘Promoting mental health : concepts, emerging evidence, practice : summary report / a report from the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne’. Available at: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42940.
    84. Wut, T.-M., Lee, S.-W., & Xu, J. B. (2022). Role of organizational resilience and psychological resilience in the workplace—Internal stakeholder per-spective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811799.
  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    A. K, S., & Celina, A. . (2025). Mental Health Issues and Well-being: A Focus on WorkLife Balance and ‎Psychological Resilience among The Police force. International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 12(8), 638-647. https://doi.org/10.14419/t9epq605