An Empirical Analysis of Banking Reform Indicators and Financial Sustainability in The Iraqi Economy (2010–2023)‎

  • Authors

    • Nabaa Hussein Hadeed University of Babylon / College of Administration and Economics
    • Dr. Ahmed Khalil Al‐Hussaini University of Babylon / College of Administration and Economics
    https://doi.org/10.14419/cxkdmr68

    Received date: October 23, 2025

    Accepted date: November 25, 2025

    Published date: December 27, 2025

  • Banking Reform; Financial Sustainability; Bank Credit; Liquidity; Iraq

  • Abstract

    This study aims to measure and analyze the impact of banking reform indicators—assets, deposits, credit, capital adequacy, and liquidity—on financial sustainability in the Iraqi economy from 2010 to 2023. Using a descriptive and quantitative approach based on Central Bank ‎reports, the study examines how these indicators influence fiscal stability through regression analysis. Results show that bank credit has a ‎statistically significant and positive impact on financial sustainability indicators, particularly the domestic debt-to-GDP ratio, while other ‎reform indicators exhibit limited effects. The findings highlight the essential role of the banking sector in supporting fiscal balance and ‎reducing reliance on oil revenues. The study recommends strengthening credit policy, expanding sustainable financing, and enhancing cooperation between the public and private sectors to achieve long-term financial sustainability.

  • References

    1. Al-Jamil, S. K. (2005). The Iraqi Financial System and Reconstruction. Al-Jandoul, Issue 20.
    2. Adai, F. H., & Al-Douri, M. A. R. A. (2008). Banking Management. Jordan.
    3. Safar, A. (2008). Electronic Payment Systems. Amman, Jordan.
    4. Hussein, H. A. R. (2012). Banking Reform and Its Impact on Some Indicators of Iraqi Economic Performance. Al-Qadisiyah University, College of Administration and Economics.
    5. Rashid, M. K., & Mastour, S. A. Z. (2017). Banking Reform: Reality and Solutions for Diversifying Sources of Product in Iraq. Iraq.
    6. Al-Tuma, H. H., & Al-Shammari, H. M. (2018). Financial Sustainability and Prospects for Economic Growth in Iraq. University of Karbala, College of Administration and Economics.
    7. Al-Nusairi, S. (2024). Implementing Banking Reform Strategies as the Main Pillar of National Economic Reform. Iraq.
    8. Central Bank of Iraq. (2010–2023). Annual Reports. Directorate of Statistics and Research.
    9. Bank of Iraq. (2015). Monetary Policy Report. Baghdad.
    10. World Bank. (2023). Iraq Economic Monitor, Spring/Summer 2023: Urgent Implementation of Financial Sector Reforms and Modernization of Its Banking System. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/5c828010-f6da-499a-b48d-b3dc756ee6cf.
    11. International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2024). Iraq: 2024 Article IV Consultation – Staff Report. Washington, DC: IMF. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/002/2024/128/article-A002-en.pdf.
    12. Ibrahim, N. A. (2024). A Financial Stability Model for Iraqi Companies. Risks, 12(9), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12090140.
    13. Jassim, A. M. (2025). Sustainable Development Indicators in Iraq and Its Role in Achieving Financial Inclusion: A Study on Economic and Social Indicators. East African Scholars Journal of Economics & Business Management, 8(5), 181–193. https://www.easpublisher.com/get-articles/4682. https://doi.org/10.36349/easjebm.2025.v08i05.002.
    14. Yanti, M. (2025). Strategic Factors of Bank Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities in Emerging Markets. Journal of Contemporary Leader-ship & Innovation (JCLI). https://jcli-bi.org/index.php/jcli/article/view/420.

  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Hadeed, N. H. ., & Al‐Hussaini, D. A. K. . (2025). An Empirical Analysis of Banking Reform Indicators and Financial Sustainability in The Iraqi Economy (2010–2023)‎. International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 12(8), 834-841. https://doi.org/10.14419/cxkdmr68