An Integrated Two-Echelon Supply Chain Inventory ‎Model with Trade Credit, Product Deterioration and ‎Carbon Emissions

  • Authors

    • Anamika Sharma Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India
    • Geetanjali Sharma Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304022, India
    https://doi.org/10.14419/amhmng68

    Received date: August 13, 2025

    Accepted date: August 22, 2025

    Published date: October 7, 2025

  • Two Levels of Trade Credit; Supply Chain; Deterioration; Carbon Emission

  • Abstract

    This research aims to develop a sustainable supply chain framework that integrates energy-efficient practices with environmental responsibility. ‎We investigate a two-echelon green supply chain, considering factors such as carbon emissions from waste disposal, product deterioration, ‎transportation, and manufacturing processes. By implementing preservation technologies, product deterioration rates can be effectively ‎mitigated. The supply chain model incorporates a credit period offered by the manufacturer to the supplier, who in turn offers a credit period to ‎the retailer, serving as a competitive advantage to drive sales growth. This study extends the traditional two-echelon supply chain model by ‎incorporating controllable deterioration, waste, and carbon emissions. An analytical solution is derived to optimize timing and preservation ‎technology cost, yielding optimal results. A comprehensive numerical analysis and sensitivity analysis validate the proposed model, ‎demonstrating its convexity through analytical and graphical representations. The primary objectives are to minimize overall carbon emissions ‎and total cost. The proposed model offers a practical framework for optimizing supply chain integration, reducing costs, and minimizing carbon ‎footprint‎.

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  • How to Cite

    Sharma , A. ., & Sharma, G. . (2025). An Integrated Two-Echelon Supply Chain Inventory ‎Model with Trade Credit, Product Deterioration and ‎Carbon Emissions. International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 12(6), 203-219. https://doi.org/10.14419/amhmng68