Title: SPC Journal of Social Sciences E-ISSN: 3079-6253
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A Qur’an-Informed Leadership Manual for Large Organizations: ‎Sequential Guidance from Surah Al-Kahf Integrated with ‎Contemporary Leadership Theory
This study develops a comprehensive leadership manual grounded in guidance from the Qur'an, ‎specifically Surah Al-Kahf (Chapter 18), and systematically integrates it with contemporary ‎leadership and organizational theories. Addressing persistent organizational challenges such as ‎misinformation, ethical erosion, demotivation of honest employees, and short-term opportunism, ‎the study proposes an evidence-based and morally grounded leadership framework that ‎emphasizes purposeful communication, accountability, ethical differentiation, and long-term ‎strategic orientation. Employing a structured qualitative content analysis complemented by ‎semantic network analysis, the research extracts leadership principles from relevant Qur’anic ‎verses and aligns them with established theoretical perspectives, including Strategic Leadership, ‎Ethical Leadership, Transformational Leadership, sense-making, and Evidence-Based ‎Management. The findings reveal eleven interrelated leadership principles that collectively ‎function as a coherent governance mechanism and must be mentioned in the organizational ‎Leadership manual, enhancing trust, psychological safety, motivation, work–life balance, and ‎organizational resilience. By translating Qur’anic ethical guidance into theoretically grounded ‎and testable leadership constructs, this study contributes to leadership scholarship through a ‎novel integrative framework that bridges classical moral wisdom with contemporary management ‎science. Furthermore, the study outlines clear directions for future quantitative validation, ‎enabling empirical testing and theoretical extension across diverse organizational contexts‎.
Copyright (c) 2026 SPC Journal of Social Sciences
Examination of Ageism and Its Manifestation amongThe Youth ‎‎(GEN-Z) in The Church, Kenya
Ageism is commonly associated with discrimination against older adults; however, recent ‎scholarship shows that younger populations also experience age-based exclusion in institutional ‎settings. This study examines the manifestations of ageism among Generation Z youth within the ‎Catholic Church in Kenya. Guided by the Relative Deprivation Theory, the study explores how ‎perceived inequalities in decision-making power and leadership opportunities influence youth ‎participation in church activities. A mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating ‎both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected through structured ‎questionnaires administered to 180 Catholic youth and semi-structured interviews with clergy ‎and church leaders in the Catholic Diocese of Kakamega. Quantitative data were analyzed using ‎descriptive statistics, while qualitative responses were thematically analyzed to capture youth ‎perceptions of exclusion and participation. The findings reveal that many Generation Z members ‎receive limited involvement in church leadership and decision-making processes. Age-based ‎stereotypes, hierarchical leadership structures, and restricted mentorship opportunities were ‎identified as key factors contributing to youth marginalization. The study concludes that ageism ‎within church institutions can undermine youth engagement and long-term leadership ‎development. It recommends greater inclusion of young people (Gen Z) in leadership structures, ‎intergenerational dialogue, and institutional reforms that promote equitable participation in church ‎governance.
HRM Practices and Organizational Effectiveness: A SystematicLiterature ‎Review with Bibliometric Analysis
This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) to examine the relationship between Human Resource ‎Management (HRM) practices and organisational effectiveness (OE), intending to provide a comprehensive ‎synthesis of existing research. The review is based on studies retrieved from the Web of Science database and ‎follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. A total of ‎‎45 studies were selected using well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. In addition, a bibliometric analysis was ‎conducted to identify key publication trends, influential authors, prominent journals, and the intellectual structure ‎of the field. The findings reveal that HRM practices—such as recruitment and selection, training and development, and ‎career advancement—play a critical role in enhancing organisational effectiveness. The study identifies key factors ‎influencing HRM practices and highlights their direct and indirect impact on organisational outcomes. It further ‎emphasises the importance of adopting an integrated approach that combines effective HRM practices with ‎broader organisational and environmental strategies to improve long-term performance and sustainability. The ‎review also underscores the necessity of aligning HR policies with organisational goals, values, and competitive ‎strategies to maximise the potential of human capital. Finally, the study highlights the need for continuous research ‎to strengthen the understanding of HRM–OE linkages and to support the development of effective, evidence-based ‎HR practices‎.
Assessment of Socio-Educational Determinants of Poor SeniorSecondary ‎Certificate Examination (SSCE) Performance inSelected Secondary Schools in ‎Funtua LGA, Nigeria
The Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (SSCE) remains a critical ‎indicator of students’ academic attainment and access to higher education in ‎Nigeria. Despite its importance, students in Funtua, Katsina State, continue to ‎exhibit persistently low achievement in science subjects. This study investigated ‎the determinants of this trend using a descriptive survey design involving 500 ‎students, 15 science teachers, and 5 principals across five secondary schools. ‎Data were obtained through structured questionnaires, interviews, and ‎observation checklists. Findings reveal that poor performance arises from ‎systemic resource disparities, including inadequate laboratory infrastructure, ‎insufficient instructional materials, and overcrowded classrooms. Pedagogical limitations, teacher competency gaps, and sociocultural factors—such as low parental involvement, limited student motivation, and examination malpractice—further constrain science learning outcomes. These interrelated challenges ‎underscore deep-rooted structural inequalities within Funtua’s educational ‎environment‎.
Copyright (c) 2025 SPC Journal of Social Sciences
Evaluating The Financial Performance of MGNREGS in Uttarakhand: An Analytical Study of Budget ‎Allocation, Expenditure Patterns, and Fund Utilization Efficiency
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) is a ‎comprehensive and effective programme introduced by the Government of India in 2006 to ‎reduce poverty and unemployment in rural India. It has two objectives: one is to provide 100 ‎days of guaranteed wage employment to every rural household whose adult members are ‎willing to do unskilled manual work, and the second is to ensure a minimum of 33% ‎employment for women under the programme. This study aims to analyse the inclusiveness of ‎the programme and the employment opportunities it provides to marginalised communities, ‎such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women, in Uttarakhand, India. ‎The study takes the secondary data from official websites of MGNREGA covering 2020-21 to ‎‎2024-25 on three broad parameters, such as (1) Financial Progress, (2) Physical Progress, and ‎‎(3) Inclusiveness of the programme. The study takes data from 2020–21 to 2024–25, and found ‎that MGNREGS experienced significant growth, characterised by increased budget allocations ‎and effective fund utilisation, indicative of strong implementation. The timely processing of ‎payments has consistently been outstanding, strengthening the confidence of the workforce. ‎The overall increase in employment days per household and infrastructure projects indicates a ‎beneficial effect of the scheme on rural livelihoods. Nonetheless, reductions in average wages ‎and variations in project completion highlight difficulties in wage advancement and task ‎execution. The consistent majority participation of women highlights the programme's ‎significance in promoting gender inclusion. Meanwhile, the stable involvement of Scheduled ‎Castes and the fluctuating participation of Scheduled Tribes indicate the influence of social and ‎regional dynamics. Changes in spending habits related to agriculture and resource management, ‎however, indicate a transformation in priorities. To ensure continued effectiveness, it is essential ‎to concentrate on enhancing wage rates, completing projects on schedule, and distributing ‎resources fairly‎.
Ziguezon’s Voyage: Modal Memory and Cultural Transformation from France to Quebec
This article explores how oral traditions preserve memory, subvert authority, and reinvent identity by tracing the transatlantic journey of “La Ziguezon”, a French folk song that La Bottine Souriante revived in Quebec in 1983. Drawing on historical chansonniers, ethnomusicological studies, and oral recordings, it examines how the song evolved from a 16th-century Breton ballad into a contemporary emblem of Québécois folklore. Focus is given to its melodic resilience, nonsense refrain (“ziguezon zinzon”), and gendered narrative, in which a young woman rejects patriarchal reward and composes her own response. Methodologically, the study blends textual comparison, musical analysis, and critical folklore theory to examine “La Ziguezon” as both artifact and performance. A comparative table highlights its adaptability across regions, eras, and singers. The article also reflects on the challenges of studying oral material within a print-based aca-demic paradigm. Findings suggest that the song endures not through fixed meaning but through its rhythmic structure, performative irony, and mnemonic potency. Its absurd refrain functions as a ritual of resistance, enabling marginal voices—especially female ones—to reclaim agency through rhythm and play. Rather than preserving the past, “La Ziguezon” embodies what this study calls an “improvised archive”: a living, rhythmic form that adapts across generations. Ultimately, the article argues that folk songs like “La Ziguezon” are not cultural fossils but dynamic sites of memory and subversion—traditions that survive precisely because they can be sung anew.
Regional integration and African economic development: sustainable development or underdevelopment
The issue of African development through cooperation has been a subject of discourse and a top agenda among scholars and political actors in Africa for more than five decades. The proliferation of regional economic groupings in the early 1970s and the 1980s can attest to the priority given to these schemes by various governments in Africa. However, despite the momentum that regional cooperation as a means to African development gathered, the continent had a little to show for its implementation. This paper examined the dynamics of regional integration programs embarked upon in the continent, especially by critically examining the various regional programs of two leading Africa’s sub-regional organizations and groupings that are somewhat formidable in the continent, to wit: the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS) and the Southern African Development Community ( SADC) whose mandate and objective are development driven and ultimately self reliance. Data for this paper was retrieved mainly from secondary source of scholarly articles and books. Above all the paper submits that there is an association between regional integration and sustainable development in Africa. By this, regional integration remains irreducible minimum desiderata for the continent’s development. The paper therefore recommends that participating countries should muster strong political will to make integration functional and funding of development programs should be sourced largely internally. Â
Copyright (c) 2020 SPC Journal of Social Sciences
A forecast study about the expected number tourists at city hotels in Dubai during expo year 2021
Tourism has become the world’s third largest export industry after fuels and chemicals. The causality between inbound tourism and economic growth is bi-directional. These establishments like many others around the world and in the Emirates have seen a steep decline in the tourism department, in particular customer’s arrival and their number of days stay-in reputed hotels in Dubai. Obviously, it is due to the Pandemic and related worldwide travel restrictions. This business issue is taken into consideration, based on past data about a decade to improve customer’s expectations that makes economic development in Dubai tourism department. The forecast analysis is made by two key variables Tourists V/s nights they stay in. To arrive suitable forecast value, the analysis is done by three different methods based on extraneous variables in this current pandemic scenario. Â Â
Copyright (c) 2021 SPC Journal of Social Sciences
Gandhian Social work and his Constructive Programme: Contextualizing his Satayagrah for the peaceful world.
Paper highlights three Satyagragh of Gandhiji. Champaran Satyagragh peasant movement was first Satyagragh prevailing situation of indigo planters and role of Gandhiji. It also enumerates his philosophy for world peace through global programme of nonviolence and truthfulness, constructive programs and his concept of the social work education. It concludes Gandhian principles can transform Global world for peace through Professional social work education by incorporating the Constructive Program as suggested by Gandhi. His philosophy- sataygragh, ahimsa and swadeshi are well included in Constructive Programmes for making more relevant for peace today. The social work practitioner may feel teaching and training of Social work student should be based on Constructive Programme for making Sarvodaya Society and a Sarvodaya social Order as Gandhi enshrined in his philosophy. Â Â
The EAF model as a tool for company wage fund management
This article aims to address recent debates on wage increases, the flattening wage structure, and effective labor remuneration systems by developing a model that assesses real wage levels, human capital utilization, and management quality within a company. Using mixed meth-ods, including a literature review and a case study of Komfort-Eko Ltd., the study highlights the importance of the constant a =0.08 [1/year] in analyzing wage systems. Key findings led to the development of the Economic Activity Function (EAF), which estimates the Management Index M, the Labour Productivity Index Q, and the overall wage level based on financial data, providing a new framework for evaluating management performance and forecasting future remuneration levels. The EAF model enables simulation of financial scenarios, aiding policymakers and managers in optimizing remuneration strategies and enhancing employee motivation systems. This study contrib-utes to human resource management literature by deriving the Management Index M and refining a model for labor productivity measure-ment, supported by the theoretical role of a constant parameter, while using the EAF to forecast future wage funds, including bonuses.
Copyright (c) 2024 SPC Journal of Social Sciences
Analysis of Urban Expansion and Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics of Ado-Ekiti Local Government of Ekiti State, Nigeria
This study examined the pattern of Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC) in Ado-Ekiti being the only town and headquarters of Ado-Ekiti Local Government as well as the capital of Ekiti State, Nigeria for thirty-six years between 1985 and 2021 using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques covering four epochs. Seven Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classes including Agricultural Land (AL), Barren Land (BL), Built Up Area (BU), Forest Land (FL), Range Land (RL), Water Body (WB) and Wet Land (WL) were identified in Ado-Ekiti Local Government based on USGS/Anderson’s classification model. Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS images were acquired for the supervised digital image classification using Arc GIS 10.8, ENVI 8.3 and DIVA GIS software. The results obtained showed that between1985 to 2021 Built Up Area (BU) increased by about 80.98%, that is, by about five times. There was decline in Forest Land (FL), Water Body (WB) and Wet Land (WL) but increase in Agricultural Land (AL), Barren Land (BL) and Range Land (RL). After the presentation of the results, recommendations were made on the need for continuous collection, analysis, interpretation and updating of data in the study area to monitor developments in order to aid quick response in decision making by appropriate authorities.
How to measure human capital for reporting purposes?
The aim of this article is to present thermodynamic models of human capital measurement and their usefulness for the purpose of compiling information on the level of payment of human capital of a company's employees. A study of the literature on the subject reveals the role of Polish researchers in this area.
Copyright (c) 2023 SPC Journal of Social Sciences
Disclosure and control of fraud in financial statements in the context of business management on the example of the polish economy
All business entities that conduct economic activities in the capital market are in contact with the revenues and costs that these activities gen-erate. This has to do with the business operations performed. This is a sphere that cannot be ignored in the preparation of financial state-ments, the “reading” of the report or the audit conducted by the auditor in the context of business management. It is also an area particularly vulnerable to the risk of manipulation. These manipulations are related to the tweaking or smoothing of the financial result. Accordingly, the auditor is tasked with examining income and expenses, assessing their accuracy and reasonableness, verifying the correctness of presenta-tion and, on the basis of source documents and tests performed supported by working papers, issuing the final product of the audit - which is an opinion with a report - based on professional skepticism and judgment. These factors are necessary to assess the risks associated with the audit of the various elements affecting the financial result, as well as to be cautious about the data presented. This article aims to conduct a fraud analysis and show the essence and role of the auditor in the audit of the financial statements, as well as how to deal with the auditor when material irregularities are detected.
Healing Mind: Mental health, Indigenous healers and Traditional Medicine
Mental illnesses and other psychosocial disabilities are main source of burden for the family. About 13.7 per cent of general population of India has issues of mental illness or disorders and 10.6 per cent of these people need immediate intervention for the treatment followed by 10 per cent of the population has common mental disorders with 1.9 per cent people suffers with severe mental disorders. The mental morbidity is very high in urban areas. There is a higher prevalence of neurotic or stress-related disorders, schizophrenia and mood disorders. This situation may be due to fast-life styles, experiencing stress, complexities of living, a breakdown of support systems and challenges of economic instability. There are few population-level insights into the use of traditional healers and other forms of alternative care for the treatment of common mental disorders in our country as well as in South Asian and sub-Saharan Africa countries. Paper examines the extent to which alternative practitioners are consulted, and predictors of traditional healer visits for various neuropsychiatric diseases. Further it illuminates studies and national survey conducted on mental health on tribal communities and the role of traditional healers in the country. Paper raised the issue of mental illnesses as prevalent in the country and questions that do indigenous healing matters in healing the mind for better mental health in our country in first part of the paper besides analyzing recent survey, NMHS-2014. Then illuminates various mind healing ways and put it in question whether we can protect these healers and their medicines in existing IPR in part-II followed by traditional knowledge, medicines, National policy and cases of Indian patents and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the last part where we conclude countries like Canada, South Africa or New Zeeland have supported for integration of traditional healers with main stream health care system. There are fears also generated for example in Canada that increasing acceptance of traditional healing may result into sea change. The lessons of these countries may be useful for our planning for integration of healers and their medicine in our country for effective resources utilization of the traditional healers and their medicines. Â Â Â
Semiotic analysis of Indian advertisements for mental illnesses
Paper illuminates semiotic analysis of drug advertising for depression, anxiety and its influences on doctors, patients and consumers’ behavior. Analytic attention is given to visual and linguistic imagery of advertisements in USA, UK and India. This interpretation and its associated myth have been used in drug advertisements to depict effective therapeutic efficacy or effective treatment. Many of us, doctors, patients and care givers in the family should be aware of these myths of drugs claim in the print as well as in visuals of Indian advertisements for mental illnesses. Â Â Â
Impact of covid -19 among smokers in Oman
This study will revolve around recent tobacco-users during this pandemic Covid-19 scenario and threat to the smokers. The young smokers are increasing day by day exponentially around the world and a big challenge to parents and governments. In Oman, the number of smokers and tobacco sales is increasing rapidly year by year. This pandemic situation hurdled the movement worldwide; Covid-19 is a big threat to the community with high risk for infected people with comorbidity. As per WHO guidelines the smokers have high risk of Covid-19 infection with high mortality chances. This study reveals around the impact of Covid-19 among tobacco users in Oman during this pandemic. Â Â
Overuse of antibiotics in high-income, middle -income, and low-income countries: patients' knowledge, attitude, behaviour, and factors affecting doctor’s prescription behaviour and attitude of prohibiting antibiotics prescription. A Systematic Review.
Background: The excessive use of antibiotics have currently been recorded as a common phenomenon globally, and it has important public health repercussion. Consuming antibiotics every time an individual is suffering from a normal viral infection would make resistant to the antibiotics. And not be able to cure the disease, leading to harmful side effect for endorsing antibiotic resistance. The current study will be complementing all existing literature by systemic review of the available evidence on public knowledge, attitude, and behaviour regarding the misuse of antibiotics in the high, middle and low-income countries. This study also aims to investigate factors affecting physician's prescription behaviour and factors prohibiting the prescription of antibiotics. Methods: A systematic review performed through pub med, and EBSCO-HOST scientific database January 2010 to March 2020 was considered including a cross-sectional study and focus group discussion. And investigating knowledge, attitude, behaviour about antibiotic use and factors prohibiting doctor's prescription behaviour. Result: All the studies included in this review had definite objectives regarding patient, knowledge, attitude and behaviour associated with antibiotics use. These study had applied proper methodology for cross-sectional summary related to the search question. Most of the (22) reviews had appropriate methodology associated with a representative of the population. Six studies had not clear sample size and did not represent the entire population. Twenty studies had tested the validity and reliability test. A general question used by this survey categorised into four main themes. Theme: 1. Knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use, 2: attitude and behaviour related to antibiotic use, 3: knowledge and awareness of AMR and 4: factors affecting physicians prescription behaviour and attitude of prohibiting antibiotics. Conclusion: To maximise the use of surveys, the application in findings in survey and associated factors related to antibiotic use and AMR should primarily create public health intervention. A multifaceted approach is likely to improve more successful. The studies provide sufficient evidence which proves that a targeted approach in interventions has been successful in reducing antibiotic prescription and misuse.
The essence of fair remuneration in the light of new concepts of human capital management of an employees of the company
In the following article the author discusses the basic terminology used to understand the concept of fair remuneration. It will address issues such as capital, human capital and the history of their creation, as well as the perception and distribution of remuneration by type and func-tion. Particular attention is paid to fair remuneration and ways of increasing an employee's human capital. Â Â
The human capital theory as the basis for development of integrated reporting
The article presents the method of preparing a report on the level of payment of human capital of the employees in the light of the concept of integrated reporting. For this purpose, an original model of measuring the value of human capital of employees and the method of determin-ing the size of remuneration were introduced. Â Â
Capital is one of the most important economic categories of modern market economy, related to the economic activity of entities. The concept of "capital" is a very complex, controversial issue, it exists in many meanings and contexts. Has many definitions. Nowadays, we can call everything capital because it is an abstract term. Capital is an essential element of any enterprise. It can be classified in different ways. It is most often grouped into physical, financial and human capital. Human capital is one of the most important factors influencing the development of a company, so it also has a strong impact on the development of national economies. This article presents the definition of human capital by G. Åukasiewicz. Â Â
Nigeria -U.S cooperation on counterinsurgency: a critical examination of the structures and dimensions of U.S technical aid to Nigeria
Terrorism and measures to countering it has been a major challenge to the country worst hit by the menace. The attention of the international community has focused on countering extremism in the North-East region of Nigeria ever since. This paper evaluates the Nigeria- US cooperation on counterinsurgency with emphasis on the structures and dimensions of the latter’s technical aid to the former. The paper also highlights the importance of collaboration and cooperation with other countries to contain insurgency, albeit concerted efforts from both parties. However, the paper was apt to point that technical aid of whatever variant is insufficient and barely enough to decimate insurgency as such, more often than not progress in such cooperative relations is always at the whims and caprices of the donor or giver nation. It recommends that, a country’s pursuit of a robust counterterrorism strategy must have some local panache interlaced with external input. Â Â
Determinants of voter turnout in 2015 Tanzania general election: a case of morogoro municipality, Tanzania
Worldwide voters’ turnout shows a notable decline since the mid 1980s, this is a challenge to democratization process. A number of efforts have been in place to address this, still a great proportion of registered voters do not vote in the elections as revealed in 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 General elections in Tanzania. This study was designed to assess the context specific determinants of voters’ turnouts in Tanzania general election in Morogoro municipality after all the efforts by various stakeholders to address low turn outs experienced in earlier elections. Specifically the study determined voters’ turnouts and analyzed motives for voting. A cross- sectional study design was employed. Questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection to gather both qualitative and quantitative information. Multistage sampling was employed. Data were collected from four randomly selected wards from Morogoro urban (purposively selected) in Morogoro region namely Kichangani, Tungi, Mazimbu and Mji Mpya where in each ward 60 individuals were drawn randomly. Data processing and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. Chi-square test indicates significant associations between marital status and voting (p = 0 .000), voters education and the likelihood of voting (p = 0.000) and access to information and the likelihood of voting (p = 0 .001). The motives for turning to vote in general election in the study area were leadership role towards development (22.5%), exercising democracy (17.5%), good policies of political parties and manifestos (20.0%) and achievement done by former leaders (15.0%), good promises made by candidates during campaigns (10.0%) and voted to avoid corrupt leaders (15.0%). The study recommends for provision of civic education programme to citizens through various means and rigorous campaigns to disclose candidates’ potentialities.
Copyright (c) 2018 SPC Journal of Social Sciences