Association of infection among intrauterine contraceptive device users in family planning clinics in Sudan

  • Authors

    • Awad Alawad University of Medical Sciences and Technology
    • Mohammed Elkhair Bashir
    2014-11-30
    https://doi.org/10.14419/ijh.v2i2.3779
  • Intrauterine Contraceptive Device, Infection, Family Planning.
  • Background: Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is one of the most widely used methods of reversible birth control. Consequently, the existence and consequences of insertion, removal and associated infection have received little attention

    Objective: To identify the type and to determine the incidence of infection associated with IUCD users through screening by culturing endocervical swabs.

    Methods: This is a descriptive, cross sectional, facility based study conducted in family planning clinics in Khartoum. This study was carried out on 35 ladies, attending the clinics during the period of study, using IUCD, presented for follow up, complaining or for removing the IUCD, who fulfilled the criteria of selection after obtaining an informed consent.

    Results: The incidence of positive culture swab among users was 65.0%. Among the study population, the age distribution was found to be varying between 24 and 39 years, taking a range of 4 years between groups of study population. Regarding complaint, vaginal discharge was found among 32 (91.4%) users, intermenstrual bleeding was present among 15 (42.9%) users, menorrhagia has been present in 11 (31.4%) users, abdominal discomfort was noticed among 6 (17.1%) users, and postcoital bleeding was present in 5 (14.3%) users. Result of swab culture shows that, 12 women (34%) of users culture of no growth, while 9 of them Staph.spp positive culture, there were 3 women (8.6%) users with culture result of E.coli, and 3 women (8.6%) users with culture result of candida albicans, there were 2 women (5.7%) users with culture result of coliform and other 2 women (5.7%) users with culture positive for trichomonas vaginalis.

    Conclusion: The study concluded that incidence of positive cultures among IUCD users was 65.0% and about two third of female in the family planning clinics had mild to moderate levels of infection. The most common isolated organisms among IUCD users in this study were Staph spp, E.coli and Candida .The study also showed high rate of removal of IUCD copper type and most of removal due to dyspareunia.

  • References

    1. Agarwal K, Sharma U & Acharya V (2004): Microbial and cytopathological study of intrauterine contraceptive device users. Indian J Med Sci 58, 394-399.
    2. Argo CM & Turnbull EB (2010): The effect of intra-uterine devices on the reproductive physiology and behaviour of pony mares. Vet J 186, 39-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.07.013.
    3. Bhurt AW, Fikree FF, Bhurt AM, Channa GZ, Soomro RA & Bhurt N (1999): Prevalence and risk factors of symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease in a rural community of Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 49, 188-194.
    4. Brezean I, Aldoescu S, Catrina E, Valcu M, Ionut I, Predescu G, Degeratu D & Pantea I (2010): Pelvic and abdominal-wall actinomycotic infection by uterus gateway without genital lesions. Chirurgia (Bucur) 105, 123-125.
    5. Buckley CH (1994): The pathology of intra-uterine contraceptive devices. Curr Top Pathol 86, 307-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76846-0_8.
    6. Demirezen S, Dirlik OO & Beksac MS (2005): The association of Candida infection with intrauterine contraceptive device. Cent Eur J Public Health 13, 32-34.
    7. Demirezen S, Kucuk a & Beksac MS (2006): The association between copper containing IUCD and bacterial vaginosis. Cent Eur J Public Health 14, 138-140.
    8. Donders GG, Moerman P, Caudron J & Van Assche FA (1991): Intra-uterine Candida infection: a report of four infected fetusses from two mothers. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 38, 233-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-2243 (91)90298-Y.
    9. Elhag KM, Bahar AM & Mubarak AA (1988): The effect of a copper intra-uterine contraceptive device on the microbial ecology of the female genital tract. J Med Microbiol 25, 245-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-25-4-245.
    10. Gardien E, Schlegel L, Gregory A, Tognelli S, Fremaux A & Geslin P (2001): [Apropos of a case of Streptococcus pneumoniae salpingitis, epidemiology of female genital pneumococcal infections]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 49, 124-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0369-8114 (00)00016-X.
    11. Guerreiro D, Gigante MA & Teles LC (1998): Sexually transmitted diseases and reproductive tract infections among contraceptive users. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 63 Suppl 1, S167-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292 (98)00201-X.
    12. Harun R, Nayar S & Thum Yin L (1989): Bacteriological study of extracted IUCDs. Malays J Reprod Health 7, 131-137.
    13. Hofmeyr GJ, Singata M & Lawrie TA (2010): Copper containing intra-uterine devices versus depot progestogens for contraception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD007043.
    14. Martinez F & Lopez-Arregui E (2009): Infection risk and intrauterine devices. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 88, 246-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016340802707473.
    15. Nohuz E, Battista R, Tamburro S, Leonenko M, Bayeh S, Varga J & Mage G (2012): [A more and more painful intrauterine device where it is not enough to see the wires to exclude malposition!]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil.
    16. Siqueira AK, Ribeiro MG, Leite Dda S, Tiba MR, Moura C, Lopes MD, Prestes NC, Salerno T & Silva AV (2009): Virulence factors in Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infection and pyometra cases and from feces of healthy dogs. Res Vet Sci 86, 206-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.07.018.
    17. Starcic Erjavec M, Rijavec M, Krizan-Hergouth V, Fruth A & Zgur-Bertok D (2007): Chloramphenicol- and tetracycline-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) exhibit reduced virulence potential. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30, 436-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.06.025.
  • Downloads

  • How to Cite

    Alawad, A., & Bashir, M. E. (2014). Association of infection among intrauterine contraceptive device users in family planning clinics in Sudan. International Journal of Health, 2(2), 58-60. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijh.v2i2.3779